Research Results (NCDP) / Résultats de recherches (PMNT)
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Item Acciones de prensa temas : obesidad infantil y publicidad de alimentos; del 01/09/2015 al 22/04/2016(Fundación InterAmericana del Corazón (FIC Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016) Fundación InterAmericana del Corazón (FIC Argentina)Item Accords commerciaux et d'investissement : des obstacles aux mesures nationales de santé publique et de lutte contre le tabagisme(Centre Sud, Genève, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, GermánItem Active transport research in low-and middle-Income countries : a report summarizing key takeaways and discussions from a two-day workshop in June, 2013 in Washington, D.C., USA; workshop report(EMBARQ, World Resources Institute, 2013) World Resources Institute. EMBARQThis report provides a description of the workshop, specific goals, methodology, and a synopsis of key discussion points and takeaways. The workshop sought to view physical activity from the lens of how evidence-based research can inform decision-makers and make change happen, identifying key areas that can improve active transport and foster physical activity in low and middle income countries (LMICs), reducing the probability of non-communicable diseases related to physical inactivity and the built environment. The report summarizes discussions among participants of the workshop, describing the sessions, themes and main issues covered.Item Adoption of healthy and sustainable diets in Mexico does not imply higher expenditure on food(Springer Nature, 2021-09-30) Batis, Carolina ; Marrón-Ponce, Joaquín A.; Stern, Dalia; Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Barquera, Simón; Rivera, Juan A.The study/article concludes that transitioning to better diets in Mexico is possible without a higher expenditure on food. The International Network for Food and Obesity/ Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) framework proposes a novel methodology and tool called DIETCOST. The study compared the cost of biweekly diet baskets created with INFORMAS’s DIETCOST tool. Additional research could analyse across other countries’ healthy and unhealthy diet baskets with a nutritional composition specific for each country, and baskets comparable across countries. The article provides details of the study, outcomes and recommendations for further research.Item Alcohol environment protocol : a new tool for alcohol policy(John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs, 2017-12-05) Casswell, Sally; Morojele, Neo; Williams, Petal Petersen; Chaiyasong, Surasak; Gordon, Ross; Gray-Phillip, Gaile; Cuong, Pham Viet; MacKintosh, Anne-Marie; Halliday, Sharon; Railton, Renee; Randerson, Steve; Parry, Charles D. H.Findings of the study show that in countries with fewer resources, alcohol policies are less effective because of lack of implementation and enforcement and, in the case of marketing, lack of regulation. This has implications for increases in consumption as a result of the expanding distribution and marketing of commercial alcohol and consequent increases in alcohol-related harm. This study uses the Alcohol Environment Protocol, an International Alcohol Control study research tool, which documents the alcohol policy environment by standardised collection of data from administrative sources, observational studies, and interviews with key informants to allow for cross-country comparison and change over time.Item Alcohol taxes’ contribution to prices in high and middle-income countries : data from the International Alcohol Control Study(John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs, 2017-10-26) Wall, Martin; Casswell, Sally; Callinan, Sarah; Chaiyasong, Surasak; Cuong, Pham Viet; Gray-Phillips, Gaile; Parry, Charles D.HThe paper draws on data from six participating countries of the International Alcohol Control Study to examine and evaluate their comparative prices and tax regimes. Both ad valorem and specific per unit of alcohol taxation systems are represented among the six countries. The prices differ widely between countries even though presented in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. The percentage of tax in the final price also varies widely but is much lower than the 75% goal set by the World Health Organization. There is a higher proportion of abstainers in middle-income countries and men drink much more alcohol than women.Item Análisis de la demanda de tabaco en Panamá y el control del efecto asequibilidad con medidas fiscales y control del contrabando : implicaciones para Política Fiscal, 2000-2011(Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, 2013-03) Herrera Ballesteros, Victor HugoEl estudio de la demanda de tabaco y el control del contrabando es un área poco investigada en Panamá, por lo que el presente trabajo se constituye en un resultado importante en materia de investigación de política fiscal anti tabáquica. Se utilizó como marco metodológico el Tool Kit N° 3 del Banco Mundial, para la estimación de las elasticidades precio e ingreso de demanda, en adición a la realización de las encuestas de marcas y de percepción de las medidas de control en locales de atención al público, en cinco distritos, con las cuales se validaron los resultados de las medidas de control y fiscales, en especial estas últimas con base en el incremento impositivo a los productos del tabaco, en 100% a partir de 2009, al pasar la recaudación fiscal de USD 11.6 Millones a USD 22.8 Millones en 2011. De igual manera se midió el grado de contrabando de cigarrillos en un 28% de marcas ilegales, y ser la problemática más importante a tratar en materia de política aduanera. Finalmente el alto desconocimiento de la ley en un 54% de los entrevistados y una prevalencia parcial en zonas urbanas del 14.8%, hace reforzar los programas educativos.Item Analysis of a voluntary initiative to reduce sodium in processed and ultra-processed food products in Argentina : the views of public and private sector representatives(Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 2017) Castronuovo, Luciana; Allemandi, Lorena; Tiscornia, Victoria; Champagne, Beatriz; Campbell, Norm; Schoj, VeronicaThis study is part of a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative research strategy to monitor sodium reduction policies in Argentina. The qualitative study design aims to contribute to the body of research in the public health sector regarding voluntary initiatives and public-private partnerships (PPPs) towards prevention of non-communicable diseases, and to understand the policy process of PPPs from stakeholders’ perspectives. Objectives include: (1) to identify the role and resources of the different major stakeholders; (2) analyze the main challenges and controversies perceived by stakeholders; and (3) analyze stakeholders’ perspectives concerning mandatory vs. voluntary initiatives. The article discusses the initiative’s challenges and controversies.Item Assessing research activity on priority interventions for non-communicable disease prevention in low- and middle-income countries : a bibliometric analysis(Co-Action Publishing, 2012-08) Jones, Amanda C.; Geneau, RobertIntroduction: Action is urgently needed to curb the rising rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and reduce the resulting social and economic burdens. There is global evidence about the most cost-effective interventions for addressing the main NCD risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and alcohol misuse. However, it is unknown how much research is focused on informing the local adoption and implementation of these interventions. Objective: To assess the degree of research activity on NCD priority interventions in LMICs by using bibliometric analysis to quantify the number of relevant peer-reviewed scientific publications. Methods: A multidisciplinary, multi-lingual journal database was searched for articles on NCD priority interventions. The interventions examined emphasise population-wide, policy, regulation, and legislation approaches. The publication timeframe searched was the year 2000_2011. Of the 11,211 articles yielded, 525 met the inclusion criteria. Results: Over the 12-year period, the number of articles published increased overall but differed substantially between regions: Latin America & Caribbean had the highest (127) and Middle East & North Africa had the lowest (11). Of the risk factor groups, ‘tobacco control’ led in publications, with ‘healthy diets and physical activity’ and ‘reducing harmful alcohol use’ in second and third place. Though half the publications had a first author from a high-income country institutional affiliation, developing country authorship had increased in recent years. Conclusions: While rising global attention to NCDs has likely produced an increase in peer-reviewed publications on NCDs in LMICs, publication rates directly related to cost-effective interventions are still very low, suggesting either limited local research activity or limited opportunities for LMIC researchers to publish on these issues. More research is needed on high-priority interventions and research funders should re-examine if intervention research is enough of a funding priority.Item ASSIST Pakistan : Action to Stop Smoking In Suspected Tuberculosis in Pakistan; an intervention to stop tobacco use among patients suspected of TB – evaluation of an integrated approach (final technical report)(2014-02) Siddiqi, Kamran; Khan, Amir; Association for Social Development; University of Leeds. Nuffield Centre for International Health and DevelopmentThere is a strong causal link between tobacco use and tuberculosis incidence. Almost 20% of the total disease burden due to tuberculosis is attributable to tobacco use. Pakistan is one of the top ten high burden countries for both tuberculosis and tobacco use. Therefore, in such countries it is desirable to deliver smoking cessation interventions integrated within TB control programmes. However, there is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of such approaches. We carried out a cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of delivering smoking cessation interventions in achieving six-month continuous abstinence among adult smokers who are suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis...Item Attitudes of public health academics toward receiving funds from for-profit corporations : a systematic review(Oxford University Press, 2017) Nakkash, Rima T.; Mugharbil, Sanaa; Alaouié, Hala; Afifi, Rima A.Academic–industry partnerships may pose a threat to research integrity and choices of research topics. Academics in medicine and nutrition often fail to recognize the potential conflicts of industry-sponsored research. The study systematically reviewed a total of 4017 articles from Medline, 3 from Business Source Complete, 1065 from ProQuest, 4 from ERIC and 104 from the Chronicles of Higher Education. No articles were found that investigated the attitudes of public health academics toward accepting funds from industry. With dwindling support from governments toward universities, there has been a substantial increase in university–industry partnerships over the last two decades including support of research.Item Availability of alcohol : location, time and ease of purchase in high and middle-income countries : data from the International alcohol control study(John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs, 2018-08-01) Gray-Phillip, Gaile; Huckle, Taisia; Callinan, Sarah; Parry, Charles D.H.; Chaiyasong, Surasak; Cuong, Pham Viet; Mackintosh, Anne-Marie; Meier, Petra; Kazantseva, Elena; Piazza, Marina; Parker, Karl; Casswell, SallySurveys of drinkers in the International Alcohol Control study in high-income and middle-income countries were analysed. On-premise purchasing (bars, night clubs, restaurants) was prevalent in the high-income countries. However, the vast majority of alcohol consumed in all countries, except St Kitts and Nevis (high-income), was bought from alcohol shops (“take-away”or “take-out”). The trading hours of premises are a key availability policy lever. Studies have shown the impacts of changes to trading hours. With this study complementary data is presented, quantifying at what times drinkers purchase alcohol, including late purchase. Time taken to access alcohol may also be a useful measure of availability.Item Avances en la reducción del consumo de sal y sodio en Costa Rica(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Blanco-Metzler, Adriana; de los Angeles Montero Campos, María; Núñez-Rivas, Hilda; Gamboa-Cerda, Cecilia; Sánchez, GermanaEn el presente artículo se describen los avances logrados en Costa Rica -así como los desafíos y limitaciones- en la reducción del consumo de sal. El establecimiento del Plan Nacional para la Reducción del Consumo de Sal/sodio en la Población de Costa Rica 2011 - 2021 se complementó con programas y proyectos multisectoriales específicos dirigidos a: 1) conocer la ingesta de sodio y el contenido de sal o sodio en los alimentos de mayor consumo; identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos del consumidor respecto a la sal/sodio, su relación con la salud y el etiquetado nutricio-nal; evaluar la relación costo-efectividad de las medidas dirigidas a reducir la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial; 2) implementar estrategias para disminuir el contenido de sal/sodio en los alimentos procesados y los preparados en casa; 3) promover cambios de conducta en la población para reducir el consumo de sal en la alimentación; y 4) monitorear y evaluar las acciones dirigidas a reducir el consumo de sal o sodio en la población. Para alcanzar las metas propuestas se debe lograr una exitosa coordinación interinstitucional con los actores estratégicos, negociar compromisos con la industria alimentaria y los servicios de alimentación, y mejorar la regulación de los nutrientes críticos asociados con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, en los alimentos. Se espera que a partir de los avances logrados durante la ejecución del Plan Nacional, Costa Rica logre alcanzar la meta internacional de reducción del consumo de sal.Item Averting obesity and type 2 diabetes in India through sugar-sweetened beverage taxation : an economic-epidemiologic modeling study(PLOS, 2014-01) Basu, Sanjay; Vellakkal, Sukumar; Agrawal, Sutapa; Stuckler, David; Popkin, Barry; Ebrahim, ShahSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is a major risk factor for overweight and obesity, as well as an array of cardio-metabolic conditions, especially type 2 diabetes. Nationwide taxation may be perverse if benefits accrue among only select populations while monetary penalties apply universally, especially if the tax burden but not the tax benefit falls disproportionately on the poor. The study estimates potential health effects of such a fiscal strategy in India, where there is heterogeneity in SSB consumption, patterns of substitution between SSBs and other beverages after tax increases, and vast differences in chronic disease risk within the population.Item Brazilian obesity prevention and control initiatives(John Wiley & Sons, 2013-11) Jaime, P.C.; da Silva, A.C.F.; Gentil, P.C.; Claro, R.M.; Monteiro, C.A.This article describes the initiatives developed by Brazilian government agencies to prevent and control overweight and obesity in the country, which is recognized as a social problem and one of the faces of food and nutritional insecurity. Success of programmes will depend on a governance model that promotes joint and integrated initiatives by different sectors, and active participation by civil society.Item Caso : industria del alcohol en Uruguay; análisis de la efectividad y fortaleza de la evidencia en las actividades de la industria para reducir el consumo nocivo de alcohol(2016) Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas (OUD); Centro de Investigación para la Epidemia del Tabaquismo (CIET)Item Child-oriented marketing techniques in snack food packages in Guatemala(BioMed Central, 2013) Chacon, Violeta; Letona, Paola; Barnoya, JoaquinThe study assesses availability of child-oriented snack foods in school kiosks and convenience stores near public schools in Guatemala, and identifies marketing techniques used in packaging. Evidence-based policies restricting the use of promotional characters in unhealthy snack food packages need to be explored as a strategy for control of obesity. Child-oriented marketing was identified as packaging that had promotional characters, premium offers, children′s television/movie tie-ins, sports references, or included the word “child.” 55 stores and street-vendors were assessed. This study is the first to document unhealthy snack foods’ advertising strategies targeted to children in a low income country (LMIC).Item Chinese smokers' cigarette purchase behaviours, cigarette prices and consumption : findings from the ITC China Survey(BMJ Publishing Group, 2013-09) Jidong Huang; Rong Zheng; Chaloupka, Frank J.; Fong, Geoffrey T.; Qiang Li; Yuan JiangThe aim was to examine the extent and determinants of cost and price-related purchase behaviours, as well as the impact of these behaviours on cigarette prices paid by Chinese smokers. The study also assesses the socioeconomic differences in compensatory purchase behaviours, and examines how they influence the relationship between purchase behaviours, cigarette prices and cigarette consumption.Item Cigarette taxation in Tanzania : final technical report(American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, US, 2011-09) Blecher, EvanTaxation has proved to be the single most effective tool in reducing tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence. The research aims to reduce tobacco use while increasing government revenue in Tanzania through an appropriate taxation policy; to use research results to convince policy makers to raise cigarette tax; and to create a toolkit for the collection and analysis of data, which can serve as a model for other countries in the region.Item Clinical preventive services in Guatemala : a cross-sectional survey of internal medicine physicians(PLOS, 2012-10) Corral, Juan; Arnold, Lauren; Argueta, Erwin; Ganju, Akshay; Barnoya, JoaquínGuatemalan internal medicine physicians’ knowledge on preventive services for non-communicable diseases is limited, and prioritization does not reflect cost-effectiveness. Recommendations include that preventive medicine training be strengthened, and development of evidence-based guidelines for low-middle income countries be made a priority. Data was drawn from a national cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge of clinical preventive services for non-communicable diseases and compared with the Guatemalan Ministry of Health (MoH) prevention guidelines and the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations.