Research Results (NCDP) / Résultats de recherches (PMNT)
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Item Evaluation of the Implementation of smoke free regulations in public places in Cairo : final progress report(Egyptian Smoking Prevention and Research Institute (ESPRI), National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI), Cairo, EG, 2006-12) Aboul fotouh, Aisha; Mahmoud Eltahlawy, Eman;An expert group together with project consultants prepared an observational checklist designed to monitor the smoking control policy in enclosed public places, including recreational facilities and hospitals, in greater Cairo. The complete sample of public places included: schools, hospitals, government buildings, public transportation, recreational places and shopping malls. Results show that barriers to effective smoking restrictions are: existence of only partial restrictions and not a complete ban; poor physical conditions and management of public places; inadequate education and motivation of staff and administration; a party responsible for enforcement. Policy will require a complete ban on smoking in healthcare and educational institutions.Item Crónicas de un Sueño(Primal Producciones, 2008) Sánchez, AdriánItem Survey of primary care providers' readiness for implementing the WHO FCTC provisions in Shanghai, China : final progress report(Fudan University, 2009-05) Fu, DongboThe project assesses primary care providers’ readiness for implementation of the provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and makes recommendations to decision-makers on implementation and enforcement of the FCTC in China. The report provides survey results, activities and outcomes of the project including: the Shanghai Health Bureau will revise their existing policy to promote awareness of evidence-based cessation intervention among primary healthcare providers; advocacy campaigns are underway; and 32 community hospital directors attended a follow up workshop.Item Impact of the indoor smoking ban on hospital admissions due to acute myocardial infarction : scientific report(Centro de Investigación Para la Epidemia del Tabaquismo (CIET), 2010) Sandoya, Edgardo; Sebrié, Ernesto; Araújo, Olga; Bianco, Eduardo; Correa, AmeliaThe number of hospital admissions was compared for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the 24 months preceding and following the introduction of a ban on smoking in indoor spaces in Uruguay, March 2006. The study covered all AMI admissions in 37 hospitals, accounting for 79.3% of AMI admissions in Uruguay. Results indicate that the ban on smoking in indoor public spaces led to a reduction of 17.1% in admissions for AMI after two years, with the greatest reduction occurring among younger persons admitted to private institutions.Item Smoking cessation medications and tobacco in Guatemala′s pharmacies(Chronic Disease Control Research Fellowship Program, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala (UNICAR), 2010) Viteri, Ernesto; Barnoya, Joaquín; Solórzano, Pedro; Monzón, José CarlosThe project assessed availability of smoking cessation medications (SCM), sale of cigarettes, and their corresponding advertising in Guatemala′s pharmacies, compared by pharmacy type. This is a one-pager that summarizes the research study which included a survey of 505 pharmacies. Cigarette advertising was more prevalent than advertising for SCM. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) provisions have not been implemented in Guatemalan pharmacies.Item Tabaco ¿nicho de mercado o mercado para un nicho? : video(CILA, Quito, EC, 2010-01) Comité Interinstitucional de Lucha Antitabáquica (CILA)Item Nuestra familia : control del tabaco; comprar cigarros sueltos es normal para los guatemaltecos, apesar de su prohibición(Diarios Modernos S.A., Guatemala City, GT, 2010-10) Morales, BeverlyItem Tobacco taxation in Tanzania : presentation(Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011) Kagaruki, Lutgard; Blecher, Evan; Mbelle, Onesmo; Chaussard, MartineThe results of tobacco taxation in Tanzania are presented as a series of graphs in this presentation, showing the increase in taxation, and the decrease in purchase of products. Imports of cigarettes have also declined. The excise tax on cigarettes is levied as a specific tax favoring domestic production.Item Factsheet : tobacco taxation in Tanzania; a report(Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011) Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum; American Cancer Society; Kagaruki, LutgardThis one-pager brochure provides current statistics on tobacco taxation, prices and usage in Tanzania, the impact of an annual 10% real increase in excise taxes over 5 years, and recommendations regarding taxation drawn from the report. There was a decline in aggregate consumption of cigarettes of between 8.4% and 13.1% by 2016. Revenue increase due to excise tax collections, was shown to be between 39.9% and 47.5%.Item Crónicas de un Sueño / Crónicas de un Sueño II(Primal Producciones, 2011) Sánchez, AdriánItem Tobacco taxation in Tanzania : report(Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011-03) Kagaruki, Lutgard K.; Blecher, Evan; Mbelle, Onesmo; Chaussard, MartineTanzania is the 15th largest tobacco leaf producer in the world and the 4th largest in Africa. The study considers the structure and levels of excise taxes and trends over time, then links excise taxes to changes in price and consumption. The Tanzania Cigarette Company (TCC) holds a monopoly through a protectionist regime where tobacco excise taxes are relatively higher for imported cigarettes or tobacco, resulting in a lack of price competition. Cigarette excise taxes in Tanzania are some of the lowest on the continent and have remained at a similar level in inflation adjusted terms for a number of years.Item Cigarette taxation in Tanzania : final technical report(American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, US, 2011-09) Blecher, EvanTaxation has proved to be the single most effective tool in reducing tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence. The research aims to reduce tobacco use while increasing government revenue in Tanzania through an appropriate taxation policy; to use research results to convince policy makers to raise cigarette tax; and to create a toolkit for the collection and analysis of data, which can serve as a model for other countries in the region.Item Iniciativas para reducir la sal alimentaria en la Región de las Américas(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Campbell, Norm R.C.; Correa-Rotter, Ricardo; Legowski, Barbara; Legetic, BrankaItem Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Chen Ji; Sykes, Lindsay; Paul, Christina; Dary, Omar; Legetic, Branka; Campbell, Norm R.C.; Cappuccio, Francesco P.OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of urine sodium (Na) excretion in spot or timed urine samples to estimate population dietary Na intake relative to the gold standard of 24-hour (h) urinary Na. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted of MEDLINE (from 1950) and EMBASE (from 1980) as well as the Cochrane Library using the terms "sodium," "salt," and "urine." Full publications of studies that examined 30 or more healthy human subjects with both urinary Na excretion in 24-h urine and one alternative method (spot, overnight, timed) were examined. RESULTS: The review included 1 380 130 participants in 20 studies. The main statistical method for comparing 24-h urine collections with alternative methods was the use of a correlation coefficient. Spot, timed, and overnight urine samples were subject to greater intra-individual and interindividual variability than 24-h urine collections. There was a wide range of correlation coefficients between 24-h urine Na and other methods. Some values were high, suggesting usefulness (up to r = 0.94), while some were low (down to r = 0.17), suggesting a lack of usefulness. The best alternative to collecting 24-h urine (overnight, timed, or spot) was not clear, nor was the biological basis for the variability between 24-h and alternative methods. CONCLUSIONS: There is great interest in replacing 24-h urine Na with easier methods to assess dietary Na. However, whether alternative methods are reliable remains uncertain. More research, including the use of an appropriate study design and statistical testing, is required to determine the usefulness of alternative methods.Item Cost-benefit analysis of substituting bamboo for tobacco : a case study of smallholder tobacco farmers in South Nyanza, Kenya(Science Journal Publication, 2012) Magati, Peter Omari; Kibwage, Jacob K.; Omondi, Seth Gor; Ruigu, George; Omwansa, WinfredThis study applied the framework of cost benefit analysis to both tobacco and bamboo. Results showed that bamboo farming is financially and economically beneficial to tobacco farmers. Bamboo is amenable to intercropping in the first two years and restores degraded areas from tobacco growing. There are cumulative incremental benefits. However, tobacco has been considered more profitable because it has a guaranteed market where farmers receive complete reimbursement for produce at once. This study examined bamboo as a crop substitute for tobacco in four districts in South Nyanza, Kenya.Item Consumer attitudes, knowledge, and behavior related to salt consumption in sentinel countries of the Americas(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Moreira Claro, Rafael; Linders, Hubert; Zancheta Ricardo, Camila; Legetic, Branka; Campbell, Norm R.C.OBJECTIVE: To describe individual attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding salt intake, its dietary sources, and current food-labeling practices related to salt and sodium in five sentinel countries of the Americas. METHODS: A convenience sample of 1 992 adults (≥ 18 years old) from Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, and Ecuador (approximately 400 from each country) was obtained between September 2010 and February 2011. Data collection was conducted in shopping malls or major commercial areas using a questionnaire containing 33 questions. Descriptive estimates are presented for the total sample and stratified by country and sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population. RESULTS: Almost 90% of participants associated excess intake of salt with the occurrence of adverse health conditions, more than 60% indicated they were trying to reduce their current intake of salt, and more than 30% believed reducing dietary salt to be of high importance. Only 26% of participants claimed to know the existence of a recommended maximum value of salt or sodium intake and 47% of them stated they knew the content of salt in food items. More than 80% of participants said that they would like food labeling to indicate high, medium, and low levels of salt or sodium and would like to see a clear warning label on packages of foods high in salt. CONCLUSIONS: Additional effort is required to increase consumers' knowledge about the existence of a maximum limit for intake and to improve their capacity to accurately monitor and reduce their personal salt consumption.Item Iniciativas desenvolvidas no Brasil para a redução do teor de sódio em alimentos processados(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Nilson, Eduardo Augusto Fernandes; Jaime, Patrícia Constante; de Oliveira Resende, DeniseA construção de estratégias para a redução do teor de sódio em alimentos processados faz parte de um conjunto de iniciativas para diminuir o consumo desse nutriente no Brasil - dos atuais 12 g de sal por pessoa ao dia para menos de 5 g por pessoa por dia (2 000 mg de sódio) até 2020. Nesse processo, uma ação central é a pactuação, entre o governo e a indústria de alimentos, de metas de redução voluntária, gradual e sustentável dos teores máximos de sódio nos alimentos industrializados. Este artigo apresenta a experiência brasileira na construção e implementação de estratégias para a redução dos limites máximos de sódio nos alimentos processados e os atores sociais envolvidos.Item Efforts to reduce dietary salt in the Americas(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Campbell, Norm R.C.; Correa-Rotter, Ricardo; Legowski, Barbara; Legetic, BrankaPrograms that lower dietary salt intake are estimated to be among the most effective at decreasing the rates of death and disability and among the most cost-effective in improving population health. This is an introduction to the special issue of the Pan American Journal of Public Health which outlines some of the efforts and best practices so far, while reflecting on challenges and research needs. Aspects of national activities in Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States of America are outlined, and some regional projects and resources developed by the expert group are featured.Item Need for coordinated programs to improve global health by optimizing salt and iodine intake(Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, 2012) Campbell, Norm R.C.; Dary, Omar; Cappuccio, Francesco P.; Neufeld, Lynnette M.; Harding, Kim B.; Zimmermann, Michael B.High dietary salt is a major cause of increased blood pressure, the leading risk for death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that salt intake be less than 5 g/day, a goal that only a small proportion of people achieve. Iodine deficiency can cause cognitive and motor impairment and, if severe, hypothyroidism with serious mental and growth retardation. More than 2 billion people worldwide are at risk of iodine deficiency. Preventing iodine deficiency by using salt fortified with iodine is a major global public health success. Programs to reduce dietary salt are technically compatible with programs to prevent iodine deficiency through salt fortification. However, for populations to fully benefit from optimum intake of salt and iodine, the programs must be integrated. This review summarizes the scientific basis for salt reduction and iodine fortification programs, the compatibility of the programs, and the steps that need to be taken by the WHO, national governments, and nongovernmental organizations to ensure that populations fully benefit from optimal intake of salt and iodine. Specifically, expert groups must be convened to help countries implement integrated programs and context-specific case studies of successfully integrated programs; lessons learned need to be compiled and disseminated. Integrated surveillance programs will be more efficient and will enhance current efforts to optimize intake of iodine and salt. For populations to fully benefit, governments need to place a high priority on integrating these two important public health programs.