Semi-arid regions / Régions semi-arides
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Item Adaptation to climate change or non-climatic stressors in semi-arid regions? Evidence of gender differentiation in three agrarian districts of Ghana(Elsevier, 2016-08) Ahmed, Abubakari; Lawson, Elaine T.; Mensah, Adelina; Gordon, Chris; Padgham, JonWith the increasing impacts of climate change in Africa, a relationship between rainfall and yields in semi-arid Ghana has been observed. Drawing insights from three agrarian societies in the semi-arid region of Ghana using qualitative research methods, the study reports how people currently deal with climate variability as insight on how they will deal with climate change in the future. The findings indicate wide gender inequality in decision making processes and land access resulting from patriarchal local customs and institutions that shape adaptation responses of different vulnerable social groups to climatic or non-climatic stressors. Different adaptation practices of groups indicate that both climatic and non-climatic stressors shape the kind of responses that groups adopt. From the current adaptation practices, efforts to improve adaptation to future climate change at local levels must give attention to the nexus of both climatic and non-climatic stressors, gender, differential vulnerabilities and other subjectivities that produce a particular adaptation practice in a given place.Item AGRIDAPE : faire face aux risques climatiques(PRESA Promouvoir la rérilience des économies en zone Semi-Arides, 2015-05-04) Gubbels, Peter; Petersen, Paulo; Marcal da Silveira, Luciano; Galvao Freire, Adriana; Gopal, KS; Thoto, Fréjus; Houessou, Donald; Bakhoum, Charles; Fall, Mamadou; Legay, Christian; Souleye, Mohamadou; Meutchieye, Félix; Fokam Miantsa, Oliver; Neigha Augustin, Djiaguo; Ouédraogo, MathieuItem Anaylsing the economic development impact of semi-arid lands, and mitigation through food-trade water recource decoupling Small grants programme(Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies (PRISE) project, 2016-04) Gilmont, MichaelThis research examines the relationship between semi-arid lands and national economic development, and the potential of food/agricultural trade to buffer semi-arid land vulnerability and mitigate water scarcity. It investigates a key assumption in development thinking – that water limits in semi-arid areas constrain economic growth. The research findings question whether future investment should be targeted at semi-arid lands directly, or whether wider national institutional and capacity considerations, including food trade, should be given more attention as a means of mitigating the vulnerability of people, land and economies to climate change.Item ASSAR final report (2014-2018)(Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR), 2019-01) Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid RegionsASSAR’s overarching objective in the original proposal was to: “…strengthen knowledge systems in semi-arid regions (SARs) on climate change vulnerability and adaptation, to enable a shift from current adaptation practices and policy into a mode that achieves proactive, widespread adaptation embedded in development activities at multiple governance scales, yielding well-adapted enhanced livelihoods for vulnerable groups” (ASSAR proposal, pg. 21).Item Better Water, Better Jobs - Envisioning a Sustainable Pakistan(Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2016-04) Gollnow, SebastianThis policy brief reviews the relation between water management and employment in Pakistan. The major water resource in Pakistan is the Indus Basin irrigation system, which irrigates 90 per cent of the country’s crops. The critical point of existing policy is that the Ministry of Climate Change cannot implement it, and has no authority over the sectors concerned. Even though water is a scarce resource, Pakistan still achieves most foreign exchange earnings through the export of water-intensive agricultural products. Adaptation strategies need to be implemented. Agricultural production is threatened by climate change. Current rural and urban service delivery through decentralised governance needs to be improved.Item Climate change and heat-waves : rural-to-urban migration in Pakistan, a silent looming crisis(Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2015-11) Saeed, Fahad; Salik, Kashif Majeed; Ishfaq, SadiaThe policy brief summarizes findings and recommendations from a recent study on climate-induced internal migration in Pakistan. Heat stress in particular affects agricultural productivity of winter crops like wheat, a staple food which is grown in arid and semiarid areas of Pakistan. Given the sensitivity of wheat crop to heat-stress, by 2030 the anticipated decline in wheat production will affect the rural poor and marginal households across Pakistan, who will be forced to cope with the situation and will incentivise the rural poor to out-migrate.Item Climate change perception and system of rice intensification (SRI) impact on dispersion and downside risk : a moment approximation approach(Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working paper no. 288 / Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working paper no. 256, 2016-11) Bezabih, Mintewab; Ruhinduka, Remidius; Sarr, MareThis article assesses the consequential risk impacts of the recent system of rice intensi cation (SRI) implemented in the Morogoro region of Tanzania, one of the largest Semi-Arid regions, using household and farm plot level data extended to incorporate farmers' perceptions of climate change. The analysis implements a moment approximation approach that accounts for the impacts of the technology on the first three moments of rice yields and total household income. Using a endogenous switching regressions model, we nd that perception of climate change is a key driver for SRI adoption and impacts primarily the moments of income. Thereby, the study highlights the importance of climate perceptions and moisture-conserving technology in risk management in Semi-Arid areas. The theme of the study also falls within the objectives of PRISE (Pathways to Resilience in Semi-Arid Economies) as it brings together institutional intervention (in the form of SRI provision), land productivity and vulnerabilit y (in the form of farmers' perceptions of climatic factors).Item Climate change vulnerability and risk analysis in the Bobirwa sub-district, Botswana : towards improving livelihood adaptation to climate short report(CARIAA / ASSAR, 2016-04) Molefe, Chandapiwa; Masundire, HillaryIn November 2015, ASSAR’s southern Africa researchers – from the University of Botswana, University of Cape Town, University of Namibia and Oxfam GB – conducted a two-day Vulnerability Risk Assessment (VRA) workshop in Bobirwa, Botswana. There are four steps that make up the VRA process, including: - an initial vulnerability assessment, - an impact chain exercise, - an adaptive capacity analysis, and - the alignment of findings with opportunities.Item Climate change, private sector and value chains : constraints and adaptation strategies working paper(Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies (PRISE), 2015-06) Lemma, Alberto; Jouanjean, Marie-Agnes; Darko, EmilyUnderstanding how climate change will affect private sector activities and incentives as well as markets is key to understanding the overall economic but also social and environmental impacts of climate change in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). The private sector and market work package fosuses on private sector actors as key agents of change, with "private sector" actors defined here in a broad sense, encompassing both smallhoder farmers and large multinational companies. Although those actors are heterogeneous and sometimes have very different rationalities, the core constraints (such as limited access to finance, markets or natural resources) influencing their decision-making are often similar. Moreover, these actors are not acting independently from each other; they interact direclty or indirectly within value chains or through the use of resources and assets. For instance, they compete on the use of labour, land and water.Item Climate induced rural-to-urban migration in Pakistan(SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2016-01-18) Saeed, Fahad; Majeed Salik, Kashif; Ishfaq, SadiaThe development deficit in Pakistan’s rural semi-arid areas, paralleled by higher investments in urban centres, together lure potential migrants from rural areas to urban settlements. Rural poverty in Pakistan is widespread but more pronounced in arid and semi-arid zones. Study findings indicate that climate change acts in combination with many other socioeconomic determinants of migration. Migratory decisions may be taken to escape from losses in rural incomes, which are variably intensified by climatic stress. The paper analyzes climate-induced internal migration in a developing country that is largely semi-arid and faces development challenges of urbanisation, rural poverty, and associated agricultural decline.Item Communicating climate change for adaptation : challenges, successes and future priorities : information brief(Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR), 2016-07-08) Lumosi, Caroline; McGahey, Daniel; Harvey, Blane; Hoffman, TaliFraming climate change messages in line with local contexts is crucial and greatly improves their effectiveness. Aside from the limitations of resource availability, adaptive capacity largely depends on the extent to which problems are understood, knowledge is accessible to vulnerable groups and policy makers, and adaptive responses are recognised and available. Power relations, gender roles, gender equality, and access to resources strongly influence whether and how vulnerable communities access climate information. Dialogue and public engagement can both enhance the understanding of climate change and encourage behavioural change. The policy brief focuses on communication strategies.Item Deconstructing a pastoralists' network to evaluate climate adaptation in the sector : a case study of Narok, Kenya(Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2016-11) Ngaruiya, Grace W.; Muithui, Lucy W.; Jobbins, Guy; Mountfort, Helen; Sisodia, Rajeshree; Turasha, Dr. G.; Gatara, Dr. M.; Ngugi, J.This study seeks to deconstruct the pastoralist network of Narok County in Kenya to clearly identify the role of each actor and document inherent challenges in relation to adaptation knowledge transmission. To accomplish this, we use the Ecosystem Service Governance (ESG) approach, which primarily uses mathematical indices based on social network theory to analyse Narok’s pastoral resource governance. In particular, we chose centralisation and structural hole indices to reveal major network actors and missing links that are hindering information flows across the network. To strengthen the analytical aspect of this approach, additional secondary data such as monetary value may be included. Social network analysis (SNA) revealed eight key actors responsible for linking most of the actors in Narok.Item Dynamics analysis and factors in landscape units’ evolution in Senegal River delta ecosystems(SCIENCE DOMAIN international, 2016-07-31) Aissatou Toure, Mame; Lamine Ndiay, Mamadou; Boukhaly Traore, Vieux; Faye, Guilgane; Cisse, Boubacar; Ndiaye, Aminata; Wade, Tidiane; Lupo, Anthony R.This study analyzes the relationship between land use units and natural and anthropogenic factors of the Senegal River delta. Remote sensing and GIS data, Landsat images (1977, 1988, 1999, 2006, 2014) show an expansion rate of vegetation cover (64%) crop areas (6.77%), surface water (4%) and regression of salted areas (74.69%) and dune (15.62%) between 1977 and 2014. Increases are due mainly to irrigation schemes, population growth, protection policies and conservation of natural resources. Regressions are related to the development of the agricultural sector and the importance of rainfall-limiting biophysical processes. The article analyzes the data.Item Enabling private sector adaptation in developing countries and their semi-arid regions – case studies of Senegal and Kenya(PRISE Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2016-12-16) Crick, Florence; Diop, Mamadou; Sow, Momadou; Diouf, Birame; Diouf, Babacar; Muhwanga, Joseph; Dajani, Muna; Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the EnvironmentThe private sector plays a critical role in contributing to developing countries’ growth and development efforts and is increasingly recognised as a key actor in climate change resilience activities. This detailed paper addresses gaps in climate adaptation literature by reviewing factors required to provide an enabling environment for the private sector, with a focus on adaptation by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the semi-arid regions (SARs) of Kenya and Senegal. The identification of misalignments within existing regulatory frameworks and policies can lead to revisions and improvements in policy making. Greater targeting of support and training services will help SMEs implement adaptation measures.Item État des lieux des liens entre migration, transferts et résilience au changement climatique au Sénégal(PRISE pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2017-05) Wade, Tidiane; Dime, Mamadou; Tandian, Aly; Soumelong Ehode, LancelotItem Finding ways together to build resilience the vulnerability and risk assessment methodology(Oxfam GB, 2016-01) Morchain, Daniel; Kelsey, Frances; Oxfam GBagriculture; food security; livelihoods; climate change adaptation; resilience; Vulnerability; risk; Social groups; Gender; Development; Landscape; Afghanistan; Armenia; Bangladesh; Botswana; Ghana; Myanmar; Philippines;Item Future heatwaves in Pakistan under IPCC’s AR5 climate change scenario(Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2015-11-19) Saeed, Fahad; Qaiyum Suleri, AbidThis paper uses data from three Regional Climate Models (RCMs) to present a projection of future heatwaves in Pakistan. Section 2 provides the details of Data and Methodology, followed by a Results section. Section 4 presents critical analysis of the 2015 heatwave in Pakistan, followed by Recommendations. Results of the modelling show increase in heatwaves to be most pronounced over the Punjab plains. The study explains the worst heatwave in Pakistan (2015), which combined with high humidity created ‘felt’ temperatures as high as 50°C.Item Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia Information brief(Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions, 2016-03) Rao, Nitya; Lawson, Elaine T.; Raditioaneng, Wapula N.; Solomon, Divya; Angula, Margaret N.Vulnerabilities to impacts of climate change are gendered. Still, policy approaches aimed at strengthening local communities’ adaptive capacity largely fail to recognise the gendered nature of everyday realities and experiences.Item Geography, institutions and development : a review of the long-run impacts of climate change(Taylor & Francis Group, 2016-05-20) Castells-Quintana, David; del Pilar Lopez-Uribe, Maria; McDermott, Thomas K.J.The paper reviews potential effects of climate change on the prospects for long term economic development. These effects might operate directly via the role of geography (including climate) as a fundamental determinant of relative prosperity, or indirectly, by modifying the environmental context in which political and economic institutions evolve. It considers potential mechanisms from climate change on long-run economic development that have been relatively neglected, including for instance the effects on income distribution and political power. Section 3 focuses on indirect effects, beginning with the role of institutions in the process of development.Item Gestion des risques climatiques(PRESA Promouvoir la Resilience des Economies en zone Semi-Arides, 2015-08-27) Wade, Tidiane; Toure, Oussouby; Diop, Mamadou
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