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Item Caracterización de la pesca recreativa en la Patagonia Chilena : una encuesta a turistas de larga distancia en la región de Aysén(Latin American and Caribbean Environmental Economics Program (LACEEP), Turrialba, CR, 2009) Núñez Parrado, Daisy; Niklitschek Huaquín, MarioLa pesca recreativa es una de las actividades de turismo de intereses especiales más relevantes en la región de Aysén. Para la toma de decisiones vinculadas al uso, manejo y conservación de los ambientes naturales donde se pueden desarrollar actividades de turismo, es importante disponer de información que permita entender cuáles son los factores que determinan la elección de los visitantes por un cierto destino y tiempo que deciden permanecer en él. La escasa información que hay sobre la pesca recreativa en Chile y en la región de Aysén, no da cuenta de su importancia económica. Por ello el objetivo general de este estudio fue caracterizar el comportamiento de los pescadores de larga distancia durante su estadía en la región de Aysén, además de describir los atributos que éstos percibieron en los sitios de pesca, estimar la cantidad total de pescadores de larga distancia que practicaron pesca recreativa y determinar el gasto total que realizaron. El levantamiento de datos se efectuó en la temporada 2006-2007, mediante entrevistas en el aeropuerto de Balmaceda a turistas de larga distancia que practicaron pesca en dicha región, estrategia que presenta varias ventajas al compararla con la opción de tomar encuestas en los sitios de pesca. Los resultados muestran que la región fue visitada mayoritariamente por turistas extranjeros, que dedicaron un promedio de 7,3 días a practicar pesca, durante los cuales visitaron principalmente ríos. Para menos de un 10% de los días de pesca los encuestados indicaron haber tenido algún tipo de problema en los sitios visitados. Prácticamente no tuvieron problemas de congestión con otros pescadores y lograron un promedio diario de 12,9 capturas y 0,8 capturas de más de 30 centímetros por pescador. Finalmente, Aysén fue visitada por un rango de entre 979 y 1.441 pescadores, generando un gasto total de entre USD 3,9 y USD 5,8 millones. Mayor precisión en la estimación de gasto requiere extender el período de encuesta para cubrir un mayor número de días del inicio y término de la temporada de pesca.Item Costs and benefits of flue gas desulfurization for pollution control at the Mae Moh Power Plant, Thailand(Faculty of Economics, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, TH, 2006) Punyawadee, Varaporn; Phothisuwan, Ratana; Winichaikule, Numpet; Satienperakul, KanittaItem Demand for eco-tourism : estimating recreational benefits from the Margalla Hills National Park in Northern Pakistan(SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP, 2004) Khan, Himayatullah; Gunatilake, Herath; Shyamsundar, PriyaThis study, which is among the first in Pakistan to value recreational benefits, estimates the benefits of establishing and managing the Margalla Hills National Park near Islamabad. The study examines how much park visitors are willing to pay to visit and enjoy the park. Annual benefits from the Park are considerable-the total annual consumer surplus or economic benefit obtained from recreation in the Park is approximately Rs. 23 million (US$ 0.4 million). Various factors influence the value visitors obtain from the park - these include travel cost, household income, and the quality of the park. Improvements in the quality of the park are likely to increase recreational benefits by a significant 39%. The study recommends that a Park entrance fee of Rs. 20 per person be introduced, which could be utilized for park management. This would generate nearly Rs. 11 million in revenues annually, a sizable amount of money that represents about 4% of the annual budget allocated to the Environment Sector in Pakistan.Item Determinants of fuelwood use in rural Orissa : implications for energy transition(SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP, 2008) Mishra, Arabinda; Mukhopadhyay, PranabThis study examines household behaviour related to fuelwood collection and use. The focus is on identifying the behavioral transition of fuelwood-using households from collection to purchase. The study examines the theory linking households’ labour allocation decisions to choice of fuel and models household decision using a three-stage least squares probit specification. Household fuelwood choice (purchase/collection) is predicted based on an endogenously determined wage income that depends on the opportunity cost of fuelwood collection. Expectedly, economic ability and availability of fuel alternatives are found to have significant positive marginal effects on household choice for fuelwood purchases. There is also the possibility that at very high levels of income, and in the absence of alternatives to choose from, households may revert back to collecting fuelwood using either their own labour or hired workers. The policy implication of a possible reverse switch is that improvements in economic ability alone may not be sufficient to bring about the energy transition in rural areas; there may be a need to continue with price subsidies on kerosene and LPG and at the same time create effective institutions for conserving forest commons.Item Distribution of benefits and costs among stakeholders of a protected area : an empirical study from China(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2004) Yazhen GongThis report provides information on the impact of a new conservation regime in the Fanjingshan National Reserve (FNNR) in Guizhou Province, China. It calculates the economic and social effects that this regime will have on the livelihoods of people living inside the reserve. It shows that, if local people are not compensated for lost incomes, the new plans will increase conflict between locals and the reserve management. To find a way to pay compensation, the study investigated whether people living in the province around the reserve would be willing to pay for conservation in the FNNR through an eco-tax. These people benefit from conservation in the reserve, but at present pay nothing towards it. The report finds that they would be willing to pay and that the amount that could be collected would more than cover of compensating those affected inside the protected area.Item Does tourism contribute to local livelihoods? : a case study of tourism, poverty and conservation in the Indian Sundarbans(SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP, 2007) Guha, Indrila; Ghosh, SantadasThis study examines the contribution of tourism towards improving the livelihoods of local people in a remote island village of the Indian Sundarbans. The Sundarban Tiger Reserve is a major tourism destination and a small number of local people participate in the tourism sector as vendors, boatmen and guides. No village household subsists entirely on tourism-based income since such jobs are seasonal. A majority of the local service providers operate with very little or no capital investment. Yet households participating in tourism-related activity are better off than those who do not. Tourism participants spend 19% more on food and 38% more on non-food items relative to other villagers. Earnings from tourism appear to at least partially finance year-long consumption. Tourism may also have a conservation effect in that the proportion of forestdependent households is significantly lower among tourism dependent households. There is, however, little evidence of any percolation of tourism-related income to non-participating households through intra-village transactions. The study proposes a carefully crafted policy for promoting nature-based tourism with more room for local participation.Item Econometric analysis of the causes of forest land use changes in Hainan, China(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001) Yaoqi Zhang; Uusivuori, Jussi; Kuuluvainen, JariItem Economic analysis of coral reefs in the Andaman Sea of Thailand(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001-06) Seenprachawong, UdomsakThe focus of this study is the valuation of coral reefs and how this information can be used to improve planning for coral reef management in Thailand. Phi Phi Islands is rich in reef systems and envisioned as an eco-tourism destination by government planners. The analysis indicates that both local and national levels of government can justify larger annual budget allocations for managing coastal resources. The Economy and Environment Program for SE Asia (EEPSEA) supports research and training in environmental and resource economics to enhance local capacity for analysis of environmental problems and policies.Item Economic impact of forest hydrological services on local communities : a case study from the Western Ghats of India(SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP, 2008) Lele, Sharachchandra; Patil, Iswar; Badiger, Shrinivas; Menon, Ajit; Kumar, Rajeev; Nepal, ManiThe conventional wisdom that ‘more forest is always better’ has dominated policy making in the management of forested watersheds. In the context of the supposed hydrological regulation service provided by forest ecosystems, however, hydrologists have debated this assumption for more than two decades. Unfortunately, detailed studies of the relationship between forest cover, hydrology and the economic use of water have been relatively scarce, especially in the tropical forests of South Asia. Building upon a larger research project at four sites in the Western Ghats of peninsular India, this study examines the link between stream flow, agricultural water use and economic returns to agriculture. The study attempts to simulate the likely impacts of regeneration of a degraded forest catchment on stream flow and the consequent impact on irrigation tankbased agriculture in a downstream village. The authors find that regeneration of forests would reduce the ratio of runoff to rainfall in the forested catchment thereby significantly reducing the probability of filling the well-used irrigation tank. This in turn reduces the probability of the command area farmers being able to cultivate an irrigated paddy crop, particularly in the summer season, thereby reducing expected farm income as well as wage income for landless and marginal landowning households. The study results seem counter intuitive to conventional wisdom. This result is, however, not because the hydrological relationships in this region are peculiar, but because the community immediately downstream of the forest is using water in a particular manner, viz., through irrigation tanks for growing water-intensive crops. The main implication is that policymakers must move away from simplistic notions of forests being good for everything and everybody under all circumstances, and facilitate context-specific, ecologically and economically informed forest governance.Item Economic valuation of mangroves and the roles of local communities in the conservation of natural resources : case study of Surat Thani, South of Thailand(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 1998) IDRC. Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia; Suthawan SathirathaiItem Economic vulnerability and possible adaptation to coastal erosion in San Fernando City, Philippines(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2009) Bayani, Jaimie Kim E.; Dorado, Moises A.; Dorado, Rowena A.Findings show a strategy of planned protection is the best option for preservation of coastal areas. This study assesses the coastline of San Fernando Bay in the La Union region of the Philippines and includes a cost benefit analysis. Sea-level rise due to climate change dynamics is a major concern across the archipelago. Contributors to coastal zone erosion are: natural factors such as wind and waves, long shore currents and tectonic activities, as well as anthropogenic factors such as dam construction, sand mining, coral reef destruction, groundwater extraction, wetlands conversion, dredging of inlets for navigation, and boat traffic.Item Economics of soil erosion and the choice of land use systems by upland farmers in central Vietnam(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001-12) Bui Dung TheItem Economy and environment : case studies in Cambodia(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2002) McKenney, B.Item Economy and environment : case studies in Vietnam(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 1999) IDRC. Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia; Glover, D.J.; Francisco, H.Item Ensuring "collective action" in "participatory" forest management(SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP, 2003) Ghate, Rucha; Gunatilake, Herath; Shyamsundar, PriyaThe Government of India appealed a new forest policy in 1988 which resulted in Joint Forest Management. This new policy allowed community groups to share part of the responsibility of forest management with the State. However, even before this, community-initiated and NGO-promoted “Collective Action– based” resource management had emerged sporadically throughout the country. This paper is based on a qualitative analysis of three case studies, each belonging to one of three types of institutional structures: Self-initiated, NGO-promoted, and Government-sponsored JFM. The basic objectives of all three institutional structures is strengthening ecological security and meeting the subsistence biomass needs of the local people. Yet, they are different, each with its strength and weaknesses. Thus, this paper suggests several important points. First, lack of well-defined property rights over communally managed forests may adversely affect the long term sustainability of local institutions. Second, given the caste hierarchy in Indian villages, the State or another external agency may have to intervene to ensure fair distribution of community forestry benefits. Third, inter-community cooperation, in addition institutions within the village, is necessary in order to ensure sustainable utilization of forest resources. Finally, the paper argues that rather than oscillating between a simplistic either/or model of ‘state’ or ‘village community’, there is a need to conceive of more complex arrangements in which forest areas are protected for multiple objectives, under the joint management of multiple institutions.Item Environmental valuation : an entrance fee system for national parks in Thailand(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 1998) IDRC. Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia; Isangkura, A.Item Existence value : a re-appraisal and cross - cultural comparison(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001) Manoka, BillyItem Forest dependence and household welfare : empirical evidence from Kenya(Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, ZA, 2008) Kabubo-Mariara, Jane; Gachoki, CharlesThis paper explores the role of forest in household welfare in Kenya. The paper uses primary household level data collected from Nakuru district in November and December 2006. The household level data is supplemented by a community survey to gather community level information on market access among other factors. Both descriptive and econometric methods are used to explore the correlates of participation in forest activities and also in forest collective action. The paper also analyses the contribution of forests to income distribution in the study sample using the Lorenz curve approach. The paper further explores resource extraction and the economic reliance of households on forests. The results suggest that forests play an important role as safety nets that cushion households during periods of hardship. The results also suggest that forests play an important role as a gap-filler and as a source of regular subsistence use and also an important role in poverty reduction. The econometric results point at the role of household heterogeneity in terms of willingness to participate in forest collective action and private resource endowments in influencing economic reliance on forests. The results further suggest that both the poor and the less poor derive a substantive share of incomes from forest activities and that forests are not necessarily poverty traps for rural households. Forest policies need to take into account tradeoffs between forest extraction and forest degradation and also consider targeting of households in forest use and management depending on household heterogeneities in both current and permanent incomes.Item Forest management systems in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001-12) Mai Van Nam; Nguyen Tan Nhan; Bui Van Trinh; Pham Le ThongItem Forest management systems in the uplands of Vietnam : social, economic and environmental perspectives(EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001) Bien, Nguyen Nghia