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Item Étude de l'anthracnose du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) et son agent pathogène Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz f. sp. manihoti Henn(Université de Clermont-Ferrand II, Clermont-Ferrand, FR, 1987) Makabila, C.Item Smallholder dairy production and marketing of milk in Hai District, Tanzania(University of Reading, Reading, GB, 1993) Mdoe, N.; Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of ReadingItem Global Village (radio show)(CBC radio one, 2003-03) Stassen, Joanne; Taylor, JowiItem Sustainable development : the story of the Ivory Park EcoCity(Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2005-09) Carman, TaraItem Mobiles are leading the way : a review of IDRC projects(2008) Rashid, Ahmed Tareq; Diga, KathleenThe Information Technology for Development (ICT4D) programme of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) has played a critical role in identifying the operational effectiveness of mobile phones in developing societies. The impact the mobile telephone has had on livelihoods is a central concern of ICT4D. This journal article reviews aspects pf the IDRC ICT4D programme. Case studies illustrate the active social and economic role played by mobile telephones.Item IDRC technical report of field research : project "Democratic Decentralization and Citizenship in Latin America: Mexico and Brazil in Comparative Perspective"(Political Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, CA, 2008) Montambeault, FrançoiseItem Comparative analysis of partnership case studies (draft)(Partnership and Business Development Division (PBDD), IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2008) Fischer, Alexandra; Burley, Lisa; Team IDRCThis detailed report is a comparison of findings from six case studies conducted among the larger IDRC partnerships with various donors, in different regions, based on themes that reflect the diversity of IDRC Programming Areas. Each of the case studies explores factors that influence partnership effectiveness. The comparison aims to strengthen IDRC knowledge base on donor partnering.Item Reconciliation complexities : loud silences in Guatemala(2008) Suarez, Carla“…This intimate level of violence produced rigid power structures and hierarchies in the communities that have been difficult, if not impossible to erase.” The author’s research is the source for this reflection piece which examines if and how social fabric is rebuilt in post-conflict communities in the Ixcan and Ixil regions (Guatemala). Using case study and life story methodologies, the researcher conducted interviews with key informants and indigenous community members. The study focuses on community justice mechanisms that can prevent and deter violence, and the pathways to restoring community relations, two important goals of transitional justice.Item Intellectual property issues and regimes and the South : the case of India(IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2008) Jain, DipikaThis report traces the background to India’s pharmaceutical sector and the growth of the industry, including trade agreements, patent law and intellectual property rights in terms of access to medicine and essential drugs. The Indian generic manufacturing industry is in a phase of transition. The paper advocates for development of a new strategy for ensuring access to treatment in the post-TRIPS world. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement itself contains flexible mechanisms for balancing access to treatment with the preservation of intellectual property rights, such as compulsory licensing, parallel importation and patent opposition procedures.Item IDRC's participation in large-scale conferences : phase 1 : how and why IDRC participates(2008) Haylock, LauraLarge-scale conferences should be seen as a means to a clear objective rather than as an end in itself. This report outlines contributing factors to the success of large-scale conferences as well as lessons learned. For instance, the type of engagement should allow IDRC to develop clear objectives for participation and develop a strategic niche in the conference—both for the IDRC and for research partners. This detailed paper provides insight into overall learnings from eight conferences examined in this study. The nature of the Centre’s involvement ranges from being the donor, advisor, organizer, initiator, participant, observer, or a combination of these.Item Being young in Old Town : youth subjectivities and associational life in Bamenda(2008) Fokwang, JudeYoung people are redefining their place in society as they face challenges of AIDS, unemployment, and the failure of nation-building in a post-independence Africa. This study explores youth responses to socio-economic and political marginalization and the kinds of individual and collective agency needed for negotiating transition to social adulthood. It is an ethnographic investigation about what it means to be young in Bamenda, the north-west province of Cameroon. Although biologically adults, young men and women may be far from achieving adult-like independence.Item Community-based conservation and protected areas in Namibia : social-ecological linkages for biodiversity(Natural Resource Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CA, 2008) Hoole, ArthurThis study investigates the premise that national park designations and management in Southern Africa decoupled indigenous communities from their local ecosystems. The research explores ways and means to recouple communities and national parks to promote biodiversity. The relationships are characterized between Namibia’s community-based resource management program (CBNRM), conservancies, and protected areas system, with particular reference to the Ehi-rovipuka Conservancy and Etosha National Park in northern Namibia. This is a sparsely populated, arid region, marked by recurrent drought, a stunning wildlife spectacle, and ethnically diverse, communal area villages. The nature and consequences of decoupled social-ecological systems between community and national park are elucidated. Institutional linkages and interplay are identified and described in and between community-based conservation and national parks. Alternative approaches are suggested to the strict protection regimes that typify IUCN Category II National Parks. A qualitative research approach is employed, featuring a case study and several different and interrelated methods of data collection and analysis. Fieldwork in Namibia was completed over a 6 month period. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 51 different key informants representing a cross-section of NGOs, private enterprise, international donors, Namibia’s Ministry of Environment and Tourism, communities and conservancies. Structured interviews were conducted in the case study community of Otjokavare with 40 Herero villagers in the Otjiherero language, employing a community interpreter and field assistant. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods were also employed, including participant observation, memory mapping by 3 village elders, local knowledge mapping by 6 village men and women, and a national park and conservation awareness exercise by 34 Grade 7 pupils at the community primary school. Field research findings were supplemented and triangulated with park and wildlife legislative and policy analyses, as well as the extensive study of regional literature and data sources. Findings reveal an historic and systemic decoupling of social and ecological linkages by national parks in Southern Africa. Colonial wildlife and protected areas legislation, policies and management practice decoupled indigenous peoples from places and resources they traditionally occupied and used in protected areas, iv criminalizing their use of wildlife. The separate removals of Hai||om Bushman and Herero communities from Etosha National Park by central government are presented as compelling examples. Herero elders in Otjokavare shared their memories in narratives and maps, telling a story of forced relocation from and denied return to their ancestral place in the park. Namibia’s CBNRM program and the creation of conservancies on communal lands have recently devolved rights in wildlife to communal area villagers, fostering institutions for community-based conservation. This has been an evolutionary process spanning a 25 year period. Institutional interplay, multiple level linkages and partnerships have proven to be important in this process. Dense social networks of national NGOs, working in support of communal conservancies, and mediating international donor funding, are especially noteworthy. But, partnerships and supportive networks in community-based conservation do not yet bridge the gap between communities and national parks, which still emphasize a command-and-control approach to wildlife management. Villagers of the Ehi-rovipuka Conservancy identify a range of prospective benefits they would like to enjoy from living next to the Etosha National Park. These are then portrayed as potential mechanisms in a model for recoupling social-ecological linkages between communities and national parks. Key attributes of community and natural resources are suggested for effective monitoring, as are incentives and sanctions, to achieve biodiversity and sustainable development outcomes. Dynamic and mobile community-conserved areas, integrated conservation corridors, integrated communityconserved areas and state protected areas are envisioned within a collaborative, adaptive and wide area landscape approach to biodiversity conservation. These represent alternatives to the strict protection regimes of IUCN Category II National Parks, emphasizing ‘community’ and community-based conservation, in contrast to typologies of park and protected area.Item Community-based urban environmental management : a case study of low-income settlements in Delhi, India(University of Toronto, 2008) Sider, David R.; Graduate Department of Geography and Program in Planning and Centre for EnvironmentThis thesis investigates community-based approaches to environmental management in a low-income area of Delhi, India. The research site consists of several neighbourhoods within Sultanpuri Resettlement Colony, a sprawling residential area situated on the northwestern fringe of the city that was established by the government during the 1970s for relocation of squatter households. Given that the level of planned infrastructure and services is fairly basic in Sultanpuri, the study focuses on collective action under the PLUS Project, a recent community-NGO-government collaboration to improve water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, and local municipal parks. The study is motivated by the general lack of documentation about environmental conditions in low-income settlements in urban India and the limited academic attention thus far. Further rationale is the largely unanswered matter of whether, and how, the urban poor can be reasonably expected to act together, either by mutual-help or with external assistance, to achieve a better-quality environment. The research design is a mixed-method case study comprising a community-wide household survey; several smaller purposive surveys of local residents; semi-structured interviews with NGO staff, government officials, and other informants; and a literature search. Social capital and collective action theories are utilized to characterize the prevailing social dynamics in the study community and to assess the inherent potential for collective action around local environmental management. Empirical findings show a somewhat low level of social capital in Sultanpuri, as evidenced by patterns of informal social interaction, associational life, and generalized trust. The outcomes of various collective activities, moreover, are found to be partial, in accord with social capital theory. However, the research highlights a number of shortcomings to the explanatory power of the social capital paradigm, in particular, the importance of human capital for collective action, and also raises important questions about the efficacy of the bottom-up, consensual approach to development in the dominant discourse.Item Item Issues and challenges to the development of open access institutional repositories in academic and research institutions in Nigeria(IDRC, ACACIA, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2008) Christian, Gideon EmceeDevelopment in information and communication technology has resulted in the emergence of open access institutional repository which is a digital archive for the preservation and dissemination of institutional research outputs. Institutional repositories make possible wide dissemination of research outputs by the mean of the internet. The growth of open access institutional repositories has been very remarkable in many developed countries. However, academic and research institutions in many developing countries like Nigeria are still battling to overcome many challenging issues in attempt to make their research outputs openly accessible by mean of internet technologies like institutional repositories. Some of the issues identified in this which adversely militate against the development of institutional repository in the country are: • Lack of awareness of open access institutional repositories among researchers and academics in the country’s academic and research institutions. More than 74% of the respondents surveyed during the course of the research are completely unfamiliar with open access institutional repository. • Inadequate information and communication technology infrastructure. A major problem in this area is the high cost of internet bandwidth in the region. This cost results from the use of satellite infrastructure for internet connection as opposed to much efficient and cheaper fibre optic infrastructure. There is also the problem of inadequate and epileptic electricity supply to power ICT facilities in academic institutions. The long-term solution to the high cost of bandwidth lies in the development of more fibre optic infrastructure in the region as well as open access to same. The issue of poor electricity power supply will necessitate further research into eco-friendly alternative energy generating system to power ICT facilities in academic and research institutions. • Inadequate funding also constitutes another problem identified in the course of the research. Most of the academic and research institutions in Nigeria are funded by the government. These institutions continue to grapple with percentage decline in budgetary allocation. Considering the fact that development of institutional repository in this part of the world is a capital intensive project, funding constitutes another major obstacle to the development of institutional repository in the country’s institutions. • The low level of awareness of open access institutional repository in Nigeria is directly link to issue of inadequate advocacy for open access in Nigeria. One of the best ways to promote the development of open access institutional repository in developing countries is through advocacy. Effective advocacy presupposes that the advocates or stakeholders are very familiar with the concept. Unfortunately, evidence in the course of this research reveal that knowledge of open access institutional repository is very low among the major stakeholders in the developing region. The research analysed the recommended the South African approach in dealing with the issue through open access workshops and training for stakeholders. This research paper concludes by highlighting the need for researchers to retain the copyright to their research works in other to have the capability to make such works available in open access repositories. This is possible through the use alternative publishing agreement. By means of an alternative publishing agreement, researchers are able to grant a limited right (license) to publishers to publish their work while the copyright in the work remains with the researcher or author of the work.Item Analyse de l'évolution des déterminants de la santé nutritionnelle des enfants âgés de moins de cinq ans au Sénégal(2008-03) Badji, Marie SuzanneAu Sénégal, les informations disponibles sur la malnutrition renseignent assez bien sur le statut nutritionnel des enfants. Toutefois, la revue du volet nutritionnel de la politique sanitaire laisse transparaître la nécessité d’harmonisation des actions initiées par les différents intervenants. Une fois l’état nutritionnel apprécié et les causes identifiés, l’accent doit naturellement porter sur l’identification des variables sur lesquels il faut agir pour renforcer les chances de succès des mesures initiées. Dans cette perspective, il nous est paru opportun de mener une analyse économétrique en utilisant toute l’information disponible sur les indices de la santé nutritionnelle, retard de croissance et insuffisance pondérale, pour déterminer les facteurs explicatifs de l’altération de l’état nutritionnel des tout petits. Au terme de l’analyse, il ressort que l’indice de richesse, qui est l’estimateur du niveau de vie, explique désormais relativement mieux que toutes les autres variables significatives, l’état nutritionnel des enfants âgés entre 0 et 59 mois au Sénégal.Item Adaptation to climate change in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico : bridging disciplines and scales with scenario based integrative modeling(Rural Poverty and Environment, IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2009) Rodriguez Baide, Joysee M.The research aims to determine strategies that could assist successful adaptations to climate variability in complex socio-ecological systems such as the Calakmul biosphere region in Mexico. The presentation reviews environmental conditions and the lack of access to water supply, the organizational structure in Calakmul, the importance of forest resources, and the necessity of diverse income generating activities. Livelihoods are mainly dependent on natural resources (extraction and land conversion for cropping or cattle ranching). Regulations over resources and political marginalization can greatly limit adaptation options. The study presents some options and mechanisms for livelihood diversification.Item Water and nitrate exchange between cultivated ecosystems and groundwater in the Rolling Pampas(2009) Portela, Silvina I; Andriulo, Adrián E; Jobbagy, Esteban G; Sasal, Maria CUnderstanding nitrogen (N) exchange between cultivated ecosystems and groundwater becomes crucial in the Rolling Pampas where high and variable water table levels are accompanied by increasing N-fertilization rates. Field monitoring of crops, soils and groundwater was combined with modeling to evaluate bidirectional flows (from terrestrial ecosystems to aquifers and vice versa) of water and N throughout a 10-year period (1998–2007) of highly variable precipitation (760–1506 mm year 1) and water table depths (6.5 to <1 m). Piezometers at three topographic positions (upland: UP, mid slope: MS, and toe slope: TS; 1740 and 510 m apart) were used to monitor water table depth and phreatic (<14 m), intermediate (35 m) and bottom of the aquifer (45 m) water chemistry. Crop production and soil water and nitrate content were monitored in two agricultural plots (wheat/soybean–corn rotation) where MS and TS piezometers were located. Nitrate concentration in phreatic groundwater was relatively stable and low at UP and MS (<10 mg l 1) but increased sharply at TS (>45 mg l 1) during periods of high water table levels (<3 m deep). Groundwater chloride concentrations increased with depth in piezometers at UP and MS, but showed the opposite trend at TS during periods of high water table levels, suggesting evaporative discharge at this position. The lateral hydraulic gradient (moving energy) between MS and TS ranged from 0.1 to 0.4% and was negatively correlated with water table depth at TS (R2 = 0.23, p < 0.001, n = 79) indicating that groundwater flow towards TS increased as the water table level rose. A capillary transportmodel (UPFLOW) suggested that at TS groundwater supplied an important amount of water and solutes to crops with corn obtaining approximately half of its water needs (228–413 mm) and one fourth of its N requirement (38–76 kg ha 1) from groundwater. Water and N supply from groundwater may have explained the higher biomass and grain yield in the lower positions of each plot with regard to the rest of the area. Our results suggest that the Rolling Pampas landscapes can switch from a typical recharge behavior to a recharge–discharge one following extended rainy periods that rise water table levels and hydraulic gradients, favoring water and solute transport towards the lower positions of the landscape and local concentration of solutes by groundwater consumption, simultaneously affecting groundwater quality.Item Global knowledge encounter : a sociological analysis of the introduction of genetically modified seed in Warangal, India(Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, GB, 2009) Kumbamu, AshokThe paper argues that the diffusion of global knowledge systems such as biotechnology is neither neutral nor banal. It traces the route of seed agents and the social construction of genetically modified (GM) crops. In Warangal district, approximately one thousand agricultural input merchants and their social networks cover almost all of the 1,015 Gram panchayats (village councils). The unintended consequences of the adoption of new seed are cruel – narrowing of foodstuffs produced, loss of local knowledge, the further social devaluing of women, and the reinforcement of patriarchy and the market.