Tobacco use / Usage du tabac
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Item Increasing funding for FCTC implementation : a review of innovative financing mechanisms(South Centre, 2012-10) South CentreThe purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussion relating to the potentials of financing for the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation at both local and international levels. This review includes most recently discussed innovative financing mechanisms primarily in the field of health and environment but excluding market-based mechanisms like the Emissions Trading System.Item Clinical preventive services in Guatemala : a cross-sectional survey of internal medicine physicians(PLOS, 2012-10) Corral, Juan; Arnold, Lauren; Argueta, Erwin; Ganju, Akshay; Barnoya, JoaquínGuatemalan internal medicine physicians’ knowledge on preventive services for non-communicable diseases is limited, and prioritization does not reflect cost-effectiveness. Recommendations include that preventive medicine training be strengthened, and development of evidence-based guidelines for low-middle income countries be made a priority. Data was drawn from a national cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge of clinical preventive services for non-communicable diseases and compared with the Guatemalan Ministry of Health (MoH) prevention guidelines and the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations.Item Tratados comerciales y de inversión : obstáculos para las medidas nacionales de salud pública y de control del tabaco(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, GermánItem Accords commerciaux et d'investissement : des obstacles aux mesures nationales de santé publique et de lutte contre le tabagisme(Centre Sud, Genève, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, GermánItem Trade and investment agreements : barriers to national public health and tobacco control measures(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, GermánRecent litigation by Philip Morris points to the need to exercise caution whilst negotiating new Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) to ensure that no substantive provisions run counter to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). In this context, questions also arise whether investment dispute settlement tribunals under BITs or the dispute settlement body of the WTO are the appropriate fora to adjudicate on disputes pertaining to tobacco control measures that are in accordance with the provisions of the WHO FCTC. Disputes relating to Australia and Uruguay raise significant concerns for implementing measures supportive of public health considerations.Item Financial mechanisms and mechanisms of assistance(2013)Global tobacco control is underfunded compared with other leading causes of death. Cost effective interventions in tobacco control have to take into account impact costs, including alternative livelihoods for tobacco growers and workers, legal costs to defend against tobacco industry interference, and lawsuits against tobacco industry. This report presents a cost benefit analysis and extrapolation on current information regarding funding gaps and resources towards implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) agreement. Pro-poor innovative financing could include a global tax component which could ameliorate the shortfall for low and middle-income countries (LICs).Item Financing mechanisms for treaty implementation : draft working document(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013) South CentreFramework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) involves supporting implementation of the treaty at both the country and global level. However, there is a growing funding gap for support of strategies for financing treaty implementation. Organizations like Corporate Accountability International have enumerated some tobacco industry litigation tactics but there is currently no information on the total costs of countering these tactics. Additional strategies could comprise instigating a global fund, as well as calling on developed parties to include support to FCTC implementation as an eligible area of bilateral assistance programmes.Item Financial implications of emerging challenges for the implementation of the FCTC - Governance of Tobacco in the 21stCentury, Harvard University, 26-27 February 2013(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-02) Velásquez, GermánMore than 3,000 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have been signed worldwide granting legal protection to foreign investors. Thus, are tribunals under BITs or the dispute settlement body of World Trade Organization the appropriate fora to solve disputes on tobacco control measures of the World Health Organization – Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation? Is it time to re-think conventions and adopt instead a new kind of international dispute-settlement body for health related issues?Item Innovative financing : potential for FCTC implementation(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-02) South CentreOnly very slow progress is being made in other Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) interventions, such as alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers, product regulation, education and curbing illicit trade in tobacco products. Under the auspices of “Corporate Social Responsibility” transnational tobacco companies contribute more than four times the budget of the FCTC for development assistance for tobacco control globally. New financial mechanisms for tobacco control are explored.Item Effect of tobacco control measures during a period of rising cardiovascular disease risk in India : a mathematical model of myocardial infarction and stroke(PLOS, 2013-07) Basu, Sanjay; Glantz, Stanton; Bitton, Asaf; Millett, ChristopherSmoke-free laws and substantially increased tobacco taxation appear to be markedly potent population measures to avert future cardiovascular deaths in India. Despite the rise in co-morbid cardiovascular disease risk factors like hyperlipidemia and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries, tobacco control is likely to remain a highly effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular deaths. A microsimulation model was developed to quantify the differential effects of various tobacco control measures and pharmacological therapies on myocardial infarction and stroke deaths stratified by age, gender, and urban/rural status for 2013 to 2022.Item Resource mobilization for FCTC implementation(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-10) South CentreInsufficiency of financial resources for tobacco control at the country level is one of the most frequently reported constraints mentioned by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) parties, along with tobacco industry interference and weak intersectoral coordination. In line with “polluter pays” principles and the spirit of making tobacco industry accountable as enshrined in Article 19 of the FCTC, along with the advent of new technologies and private sector involvement, new tools and opportunities to collect and disburse funds can evolve. The Conference of States Parties (COP) could create space to discuss further innovative financing for tobacco control.Item Innovative financing for development : opportunities for tobacco control(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-10) South CentreSome innovative financing mechanisms are at the proposal stage with many countries participating in the debate. One of the most active groups in this form of discussion is the Leading Group—a group of 64 nations, 18 international organizations, and 20 NGOs—which focuses on setting up innovative development financing mechanisms. The objective of this Analytical Note is to assist developing countries in deliberations on resource mobilization for Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation, and provide an overview of how innovative financing mechanisms are being explored in different sectors, with opportunities for exploring innovative financing mechanisms for tobacco control.Item Expanding fiscal policies for global and national tobacco control : final technical report(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-12) Syam, Nirmalya; Velasquez, GermanThere is interest in innovative means to charge tobacco companies for the unusual burdens it causes both society and governments. The study points out funding gaps at both country and global levels and the common challenge of insufficiency of data to accurately measure funding needs. Through innovative financing mechanisms like the Global Fund and UNITAID, the international community has already participated in contributing to global public goods to fight infectious diseases. There is a clear opportunity to integrate such experiences in tobacco control. A Solidarity Tax Levy (STL) and Tax on Repatriated Tobacco Profits (TRTP) may qualify as effective mechanisms.Item Financial resources for implementation of tobacco control measures : potential of innovative financing(South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-12) Munoz, Viviana; Sy, Deborah K.; Syam, Nirmalya; Velasquez, German; Yu, VicenteMobilization of financial resources for implementation of the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) is at the core of measures necessary for implementation of the FCTC. This research analyzes funding gaps at domestic and global levels, opportunities for global cooperation, and develops options for innovative financing mechanisms to support FCTC in developing countries while augmenting resources for treaty financing. Ideal financing mechanisms should be tax based, preferably on tobacco, must not substitute official development assistance (ODA), and consider legal issues. Even if only a handful of countries participate, these mechanisms can raise significant amounts with minimal contributions.Item Burden of smoking-related diseases in Brazil : mortality, morbidity and costs(SciELO, 2015-06) Pinto, Marcia Teixeira; Pichon-Riviere, Andres; Bardach, ArielThe study aims to estimate the burden of tobacco for Brazil in 2011 in terms of mortality, morbidity and direct cost to the health system in order to guide decision making and strengthen public health policy. Findings show that smoking-related mortality is high in Brazil, particularly among men, and is concentrated in heart diseases, COPD, stroke and lung cancer. This investigation is part of a research collaboration between 7 Latin American countries to develop a methodological framework for estimating the burden of tobacco-related diseases. The model incorporates the natural history, costs and quality of life of all tobacco-related adult specific diseases.Item Burden of disease in Argentina attributable to tobacco use and potential impact of price increases through taxation(Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., 2016) Alcaraz, Andrea; Caporale, Joaquin; Bardach, Ariel; Augustovski, Federico; Pichon-Riviere, AndresThe study evaluates the burden of disease associated with tobacco use in Argentina and predicts the health and economic impact of cigarette tax increases. The burden of disease model was developed as part of a collaboration among more than 40 investigators in seven Latin American countries. Results indicate that increasing cigarette taxes could yield major health and economic benefits. It is estimated that were Argentina to increase cigarette prices by 50% over the next 10 years 25, 557 deaths, 42,560 cardiovascular events, and 11,222 cancers could be prevented.Item Economic impact of smoking on health systems in Latin America : a study of seven countries and its extrapolation to the regional level(Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., 2016) Pichon-Riviere, Andres; Bardach, Ariel; Augustovski, Federico; Alcaraz, Andrea; Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam; Pinto, Marcia TeixeiraSmoking is responsible for a significant proportion of health spending in Latin America, and tax revenues from cigarette sales are far from covering smoking-attributable health care costs. Countries of the region should strongly consider an increase in tobacco taxes. This research study estimates financial burden in terms of direct medical costs that smoking represents for the health systems of Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. Smoking-attributable costs ranged from 0.4% (Mexico and Peru) to 0.9% (Chile) of GDP and from 5.2% (Brazil) to 12.7% (Bolivia) of health expenditures.Item Carga de enfermedad por tabaquismo e impacto potencial del incremento de precios de cigarrillos en el Perú(Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima, Perú, 2016) Bardach, Ariel; Caporale, Joaquin; Alcaraz, Andrea; Augustovski, Federico; Huayanay-Falcon, LeandroObjetivos. Estimar la carga de enfermedad asociada al tabaquismo y evaluar el potencial impacto económico y en salud del aumento de los impuestos a los cigarrillos en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Mediante un modelo de microsimulación se estimó el impacto en mortalidad, calidad de vida y costos atribuibles al tabaquismo por enfermedad cardiaca y cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, neumonía, cáncer de pulmón y otras nueve neoplasias. Se evaluaron tres escenarios de aumento de impuestos. Resultados. Un total anual de 16 719 muertes, 6926 diagnósticos de cáncer, 7936 accidentes cerebrovasculares y 7548 hospitalizaciones por enfermedad cardiovascular se pueden atribuir al tabaquismo en Perú. Asimismo, se pierden 396 069 años de vida por muerte prematura y discapacidad cada año, y el costo de tratar los problemas de salud ocasionados por el tabaco asciende a 2500 millones de soles (PEN 2015). Actualmente, los impuestos al tabaco llegan a cubrir solamente el 9,1% de dicho gasto. Un incremento del 50% en el precio de los cigarrillos podría evitar 13 391 muertes, 6210 eventos cardiovasculares y 5361 nuevos cánceres en los próximos diez años, y representaría un beneficio económico de 3145 millones (PEN) por ahorro de costos sanitarios y aumento de la recaudación impositiva. Conclusiones. La carga de enfermedad y el costo para el sistema de salud asociados al tabaquismo son elevados en Perú. Incrementar los impuestos al cigarrillo podría derivar en importantes beneficios para el país, tanto sanitarios como económicos.Item Carga de enfermedad de tabaquismo en Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Paraguay y Uruguay : webinar(2016-11) Raze, AlejandroEl IECS es una institución independiente, sin fines de lucro, dedicada a la investigación, educación y cooperacióntécnica, con el propósito de contribuir a mejorar la eficiencia, equidad, calidad y sustentabilidad de las políticas y servicios de salud.Item Présentation des questionnaires de collecte de données : atelier de lancement de la recherche sur les coûts des maladies liées au tabac(2017-01) Mané, Pape YonaPrésenter les types de questionnaires compte tenu des différentes catégories de coûts identifiées
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