Innovation Systems / Systèmes d'innovation
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Item Academy-industry links in Brazil: evidence about channels and benefits for firms and researchers(Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)Knowledge flows between universities, public research institutes and firms may take various channels according to agents’ motivations and expected benefits. Models were estimated to investigate which channels of interaction lead to which benefits for firms, universities and research institutes in Brazil. Bi-directional channels are shown to be particularly relevant, yielding both innovative and productive benefits for the firms and intellectual and economic benefits for the universities. As for interactions between firms and research institutes, bi-directional channels are the most important in terms of intellectual benefits for the researchers and innovative benefits for the firms. These findings seem to confirm the dual role of the universities, versus a more focused one for the research institutes, and raise policy issues. Moreover, a negative correlation between investment in internal research and development and productive benefits for the firms was found, indicating that the expected benefits of public expenditure are not turning into innovation.Item Analysis of the current state of science, technology and innovation in the health sector(2006)Despite awareness of the importance of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) in improving the capacity for better healthcare, very limited attention and investment and has been directed to it. Without a strategy and national research agenda, the activities of SCT&I in the health sector in Mozambique occur in a context of improvisation, changing according to the plans of the leadership of the moment. The paper reviews the current state of affairs (2007) and suggests among other things that the National Laboratory for Medicines Quality Control (LNCQM)and the Ministry of Health (MOH) are significant institutions for enacting change.Item Barefoot College : case study(Development Alternatives, New Delhi, IN, 2011) Development AlternativesTraining has been provided in habitat services to 15,000 women in solar engineering, mechanical repair and fabrication (such as hand pump mechanics), solar cooker engineering, and masonry. Women generally work in groups, which helps them support each other. Men are included in courses, but once skilled tend to migrate to cities. Support from the women’s husbands and family is mostly in the form of allowing them to do the work without neglecting household chores. Women show immense capability and determination to learn; they realize the importance of quality, and their work is often superior to men’s production. Corruption at governance levels is a continuing problem.Item Building African Capacity in Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators(2012-03) Gault, FredThe aim was capacity building, with training of approximately 35 researchers, practitioners and junior- to mid-level policy makers in the use and application of science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators. Four case study teams were supported, one in Mozambique, one in Senegal and two in South Africa. Research capacity building strengthened research networks through conferences and access to further education. The reports on innovation in the informal economy, in agriculture, in firms that are user innovators, and in the diffusion of telephone banking and related financial services have common threads in knowledge creation and approaches to knowledge sharing.Item Building the knowledge base for innovation(2010-09)The presentation focuses on innovation systems and knowledge generation/knowledge ecology. Innovating out of poverty requires supportive mechanisms such as: Financial services facilitating linkages; Money transfer; Banking services; Insurance; Empowering the unbanked (women). Knowledge policy is not just education policy. Knowledge creation, transmission and use is part of innovation systems.Item Cebu and the innovative behavior of its local firms : study area report on the 2009 SIA results(Philippines. Department of Science and Technology, Manila, PH, 2011)This bulletin highlights some key points from responses of Metro Cebu establishments to the Survey of Innovation Activities (SIA) in the Philippines. Over the past decade food industries, furniture, and handicraft sectors have been overtaken by advanced high-technology industries. The entry of business process outsourcing (BPO) firms such as call centers has also contributed to the growth of the local economy. Results of the survey show there are more process innovators (47%) than product innovators (38%). The SIA provides a broad picture on how innovation activities are implemented, driven, and hindered among selected establishments in the Philippines.Item Challenges of Building Africa's Innovation Systems(2010-09) Muchie, MammoThe presentation provides clarification of aspects of innovation systems as they apply in the African context. It describes characteristics of emergent innovation systems and innovation drivers and actors. Ideas about the integration of Africa or of creating an Africa nation can themselves be considered as dynamic innovation systems requiring systemic approaches to understanding and creating knowledge in interaction with policies, institutions, system of innovation actors, and incentives. Innovation at the community level would require establishment of a Community Innovation System (CIS) to promote development from the bottom, not just from the state and business.Item Channels and benefits of interactions between public research organisations and industry: comparing four Latin American countries(Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)This paper compares the results of four country studies (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico) on the relative effectiveness of channels of interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and industry in driving specific types of benefits for researchers and firms. All studies used micro-datasets developed by a joint project using common questionnaires. Channels of interactions were classified into four groups (traditional, services, bi-directional and commercial) while benefits were classified into two groups for firms (short-term production and long-term innovation) and for researchers (economic and intellectual). It is found that the bi-directional (knowledge flows in both directions) and the services (knowledge flows mainly from PROs to firms) channels drive intellectual benefits for researchers. Firms tend to value the traditional channel (i.e. graduates, publications, conferences) more than any other channel. However, it is the bi-directional channel that drives the best benefits, especially those related to contributions to innovation activities.Item Channels of interaction between public research organisations and industry and their benefits: evidence from Mexico(Beech Tree Publishing, 2010) Dutrénit, Gabriela; De Fuentes, Claudia; Torres, ArturoThe process of knowledge transfer between public research organisations and industry occurs through multiple channels of interaction, however, there are differences in terms of the benefits that the agents perceive. Based on micro-data, this paper explores which channels are the most effective for triggering different benefits perceived by researchers and firms involved in such interactions in Mexico. The results suggest that researchers obtain intellectual benefits from the bi-directional and the traditional channels. Firms obtain benefits related to production activities and innovation strategies from the bidirectional and the services channels, while the traditional channel only provides production-related benefits. These results raise different policy issues. First, fostering the bi-directional channel could contribute to building virtuous circles. Secondly, it is necessary to align the incentives to foster other channels of interaction. Thirdly, a change in the researchers’ incentives is required to induce new benefits from interactions.Item Channels, benefits and risks of public–private interactions for knowledge transfer: conceptual framework inspired by Latin America(Beech Tree Publishing, 2010) Arza, ValeriaThere are both benefits and risks involved in interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and industry. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that associates firms’ and PROs’ motivations, channels of interaction and benefits. It suggests that each channel triggers predominant types of benefits and claims that policy-making to support PRO–industry (PRO-I) interactions should be selective. Policy design must take into consideration the skill-related characteristics of the actors, and the characteristics of the interaction channels in order to achieve the best possible balance between the benefits and risks of PRO-I interactions. The geographical focus of the discussion is Latin America.Item China's horizontal university-industry linkage : where from and where to(Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009) Jong-Hak, EunThe paper analyzes distinctive features of the university-industry linkage (UIL) in China compared with the case of the United States, and presents regression models that estimate the underlying causes of the Chinese characteristics. Studies on horizontal UIL in China show that it is still in its infancy. Against this backdrop, this study explores China’s horizontal UIL and gathers empirical evidence on its characteristics. Two separate surveys were administered (2007, 2008) one for Chinese university professors and another for Chinese firms.Item City innovation systems : the Metro Manila experience(DLSU Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies, Manila, PH, 2011) Licaros Velasco, AidaInnovations that address urban issues of housing and community development, employment, and business and human development in Asian mega cities are the highlight of this study, focusing on Metro Manila. City innovation includes not only the traditional participants (academe, government, and industry) but also non-government organizations, grassroots and marginalized groups, and mass media that help in the delivery of innovative solutions to city residents. Three innovative Philippine solutions to some of Metro Manila's pressing urban issues were identified and analyzed: Gawad Kalinga; Medical Tourism, and UP-Ayala Technology Park. City innovations cover both social and commercial innovation.Item City innovation systems : the Metro Manila experience(De La Salle University, Manila, PH, 2012)City innovation in this study is assessed using the following criteria: novelty, impact, equity, economic and financial feasibility, environmental sustainability, transferability, and political acceptability. The focus of this study is the National Capital Region (Metro Manila), the Philippines’ most urbanized district. The following city innovations are documented at the firm, sector, and regional levels: Gawad Kalinga, medical tourism, and UP-Ayala Technology Park. “Filippinovation” aims to highlight innovation capacity and successes particularly in Metro Manila in order to diffuse the development from the urban setting to rural areas.Item City Innovation Systems: The Metro Manila Experience(2010-06)Metro Manilla is composed of 16 cities in one municipality and a population of 11.6 million people (2010). The presentation briefly analyzes aspects of innovation including medical tourism, an IT technopark for venture development, and various volunteering intiatives.Item Darshna Mahila Kalyan Samiti (DMKS) : case study(Development Alternatives, New Delhi, IN, 2011) Development AlternativesThe Darshna Mahila Kalyan Samiti (DMKS) started a training programme for master masons in Bamari Village, Chattarpur district, under the Poorest Area Civil Society Programme (PACs). They also mobilized women to take up training in constructing habitat products such as roofing tiles, fencing poles and cement pots. Since agricultural labour is seasonal and rarely meets their basic needs, the work provides a regular income throughout the year. DMKS staff say the women are more efficient in marketing and sales than their male counterparts, are extremely aware of the rates, and never get fleeced. Limited supply of electricity is a major problem.Item Data gathering and developing and using innovation indicators(2010-09) Kahn, MichaelThere are headline grabbing innovations such as cassette tape to CD to iPod. But it is the softer innovations that really matter: Clean water, Quality mass education, Safe and reliable mass transport systems, Clean and affordable food, Quality primary health care. Innovation involves ‘novelty’ – what exactly does this mean? The presentation analyzes how and what data and statistics measure; what underpins a measure (for example patenting and legal frameworks); ‘Research and Development’ and its link with economic growth. It reviews some ways of measuring growth and innovation, along with how various indicators can be generated and graphically displayed for ranking.Item Development of an innovation strategy : experiences from Africa(2010-09) Gault, FredThe presentation analyzes innovation strategies and how to build an innovation strategy in the context of African countries. An innovation strategy or policy is an intention of government to influence the activity of innovation for a reason, such as jobs and growth. It may or may not include targets. An example is a tax policy to promote capital investment in ICTs.