Innovation and Indicators / Innovation et Indicateurs
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Item Access to Knowledge in Biotechnology: Can Patent Pooling Work in India?(2010)The concern for adequate access to patented knowledge is as old as the history of modern intellectual property rights (IPR). While it was always thought that the poor consumers may not be able to access knowledge, with the internationalization of IPR in particular due to the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), it was pointed out by many that developing countries would find it difficult to access patented knowledge (Maskus 2000; Giannakas 2001). The issue of access to patented knowledge created in the developed world by the developing countries came to limelight in 1998, when 39 big pharmaceutical companies sued the government of South Africa which was trying to deal with the problem of AIDS by importing drugs from companies which were not authorised licensee to produce these drugs as they were operating in countries that allowed such production. This created a major backlash as NGOs and activists launched a global movement as they thought that this move by the companies would undermine the efforts to combat the AIDS crisis (IEGBIIP 2008)...Item Access to Patented of Platform technologies in TB and Malaria - Issues and possible solutions in Indian Context(2010) Visalakshi, S; Santhosh, M RPatents are issued to protect inventions and innovations and to serve as incentive for more such activity and as consideration for disseminating the invention/innovation to the wider public. This is expected to lead to larger quantity of the product/service which the patent contains so that the availability would be more and wide spread. It would also encourage competition. Hence the main purpose of issue of patent is encouraging dissemination of knowledge and wider use. If it really happens in the field it is very good. But does it really happen? The situation in the field at times is to exclude than include more people as users of knowledge embedded in a patent. This can happen by broad patents, refusal to license the patent etc. This can lead to monopolies, high prices, slow or no progress on follow-on research, reduced number of new products in the market etc. Ultimately in the case of biomedical research it can lead to reduced access to health care products which are vital. In this area especially after the advent of biotechnology there is a unusual increase in patenting activity by the academia and industry which includes upstream patenting which is the main concern of this study. TB and malaria are diseases of importance to India and developing countries. There is still a high incidence of infections and resistance to drug and insecticides have led to new forms of TB like MDRs and XDRs and in the case of malaria, resurgence of the disease. There are efforts at global and Indian levels to stop TB and drugs/vaccines for Malaria etc. In India, research is on at the basic level to understand infectiveness of the pathogen and immunity of the populations to find clues to discover and design drugs, develop diagnostics, which can detect infections rapidly and come out with vaccines for the above diseases.Item Accessing Patented Knowledge for Innovation - Technical Report(2010-08)As the world moves towards a knowledge-based economy, where wealth creation is no longer based on the capital investment, but rather on the brainpower and ability to create, Intellectual property (IP) has become an integral part of world business and a major source for wealth creation and economic growth (ARIPO, 2002). The current debate on the role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and economic development generally as well as implications on research capabilities and capacities is linked to the fundamental changes that have taken place in international IPR system following the implementation of the Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement....Item Assessing the Challenges of Patent and Research Exemptions on Research Capacity and Utilization in Universities, Research Institutions and Industry in Botswana(2010-07) Ama, Njoku Ola; Fombad, Charles MThe study analyzed the opinion of a stratified sample of 366 people from universities, research institutions and industry in Botswana on how patent regime and research exemptions impact on their research capacities and utilization of research outputs. The results of the study showed that although awareness of the use of patent rights to protect their invention was low (67%), the utilization of patent was extremely very low (8%). In addition, over 75% of the respondents were convinced of the need of granting universities and research institutions statutory research exemptions. In their view, granting such exemptions will enhance the researchers’ abilities to verify the truthfulness and accuracy of patent claims, and be able to compare old and new technologies. The study therefore recommends that (i) the IP Unit in the relevant ministry needs to adopt a more proactive role by sensitising people, especially those whose activities may result in inventions, about their IP rights, how these rights can be protected, the advantages of protecting their rights to inventions through patents and the patent procedure. Information literature contained in leaflets and other types of flyers should be widely used; (ii) The Tertiary Education Board, which is the supervisory body for education in the country needs to formulate an IP policy which should guide all the tertiary institutions in the country; (iii) The existing legal framework on patent rights and research exemptions in Botswana need to be made more effective; (iv) The Government, tertiary institutions and industry must be compelled to allocate funds for research and innovation; (v) Financial incentives, possibly through a 50/50 sharing of royalties from patents should be introduced; and (vi) Academic institutions should device well-publicised schemes to recognise and reward innovative initiatives by staff.Item Compulsory Licenses as means to Access Patented Platform Technologies in TB and Malaria(2010)Patents are issued to protect inventions and innovations and to serve as incentive for more such activity and as consideration for disseminating the invention/innovation to the wider public. This is expected to lead to larger quantity of the product/service which the patent contains so that the availability would be more and wide spread. It would also encourage competition. Hence the main purpose of issue of patent is encouraging dissemination of knowledge and wider use. If it really happens in the field it is very good. But does it really happen? The situation in the field at times is to exclude than include more people as users of knowledge embedded in a patent. This can happen by broad patents, refusal to license the patent etc. This can lead to monopolies, high prices, slow or no progress on follow-on research, reduced number of new products in the market etc. Ultimately in the case of biomedical research it can lead to reduced access to health care products which are vital. In this area especially after the advent of biotechnology there is a unusual increase in patenting activity by the academia and industry which includes upstream patenting which is the main concern of this study.Item Dans quelle mesure l'exemption de la recherche peut-elle promouvoir l'innovation ?(2010)Le cadre de vie offert aux populations en Afrique centrale en général et au Cameroun en particulier, les confronte au quotidien à une variété de sollicitations besoins qui pourraient bénéficier des résultats de la recherche. C’est le cas pour : l’insécurité alimentaire, les pertes après récoltes, la prévalence des maladies endémiques et émergentes telles que le Paludisme et le VIH/SIDA, les difficultés d’accès à l’habitat, à l’eau et à l’énergie, la dégradation de l’environnement, les pertes après récoltes, la redondance de la recherche etc.… Mais comment y parvenir si les chercheurs et les politiques n’exploitent pas suffisamment ou efficacement les différents outils qu’offre le système de propriété intellectuelle, dont notamment l’option d’une formulation élargie de l’exemption de la recherche conforme aux dispositions de l’article 30 de l’Accord sur les Adpic. En analysant les contours, la portée des conditions et les domaines de cette exemption, notre étude tend à accompagner les chercheurs et politiques des pays de l’Afrique centrale et du Cameroun en particulier, dans l’usage du système de propriété intellectuelle pour appuyer l’innovation pour le développement et l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations.Item Exploring Patent Pooling as a Tool for National Development(2009)As a response to the global competition initiated by the Call for Proposal by the International Development Research Center on the theme “ACCESSING PATENTED KNOWLEDGE FOR INNOVATION”, this Paper aims at exploring patent pools, a locally unfamiliar yet internationally-recognized and century-old approach to technology commercialization, as a tool for national development in the Philippines...Item Final Research Report: Patent Pools in China - Patenting Behavior of Foreign Invested Firms and Its Implication on Local Innovation Capabilities and IP Policy Challenges(2010-05)The research project is designed under situation that developing countries such as China, suffer greatly from technical monopolies and tight technology controls by larger multinational corporations in their invested regions, due to their limited technological capabilities, especially due to legislative power on newly developed technologies such as patented inventions. Patented technologies in China in recent years become increasingly competitive and largely controlled by MNEs, with patent pool being one of the most significant power over local companies by foreign firms in typical high tech fields. Technological gap between developing countries and developed countries thus in this regard is increasingly severer. Therefore, the research project may provide helpful lessons and reference to policy makers, local companies in FDI hosting countries, as well as to internationally invested firms.Item Global innovation in emerging economies(IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2011)This book addresses the context for location of global research and development (R&D) in emerging economies by multinational corporations (MNCs), and the driving forces behind this trend; performance of global R&D by companies from emerging economies; and national and corporate implications of these new trends for innovation systems. The trends have managerial implications for companies and policy implications for the emerging economies where such R&D is performed, as well as for the industrialized home countries of the companies.Item Indian Biotech Industry and Patent Pooling(2009)The Indian biotech industry has increased five-fold from its size in 1997 and valued at about $2.5 billion in 2008- 09 which was then about 2% of the global biotech market. The presentation reviews patents in biotechnology, and organizations working in the field in areas of stem cell research, transgenic research, biopesticides, neurobiology; vectors, genes for plant trait; genomics; nanotechnology; recombinant product; therapeutics; biopolymer and others. It explores patent pooling in the context of industry in India. There is no clear incentive in low-income countries for companies to contribute their high-valued patents to a patent pool.Item Indian researchers’ perceptions of access problems of protected platform technologies and experiences(2010-10)The presentation focuses on a survey of researchers specifically working on tuberculosis (TB) or Malaria, and development of a survey instrument to measure their ability to access technologies and resulting patents derived from research work. The majority of respondents did not face any problems of denial of license or breakdown of negotiations to license in patented platform technologies. But ~30% of respondents abandoned their research due to lack of resources that would enable adoption of costly technologies or due to restrictive clauses in their agreements.Item Informal ICT Sector and Innovation Processes in Senegal(Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, United Nations University (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, NL, 2012)This paper investigates the informal information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Senegal, towards the development of indicators for improving understanding of the innovation process. This paper contributes to the understanding of innovation-driven economic growth, and to the factors linked to transition of economic activity from one sector to another. For more than two decades, the informal sector’s contribution to GDP has exceeded that of the modern sector, and a significant proportion of the population currently lives on “odd jobs” and casual work.Item Innovation and the development agenda(IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2010) Kraemer-Mbula, Erica; Wamae, WatuInnovation drives long-term economic growth. It has a crucial role to play as global economies recover from the current financial crisis. This book examines the role of innovation in developing countries, with a focus on Africa. It investigates innovation systems and their application; the key role of knowledge in innovation for development; and the importance of comparable country studies and official statistics on innovation. It stresses the need for innovation to become part of a comprehensive development agenda, and makes recommendations for promoting activities in both the formal and informal sectors, with the aim of transforming agriculture into a knowledge-based industry capable of stimulating economic growth.Item Innovation strategies for a global economy : development, implementation, measurement and management(IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2010) Gault, FredThis book is about innovation, what it is and how it is measured, the use of indicators in policy and the policy learning that results. Framework conditions such as market regulation and the cost of doing business are examined. The book considers innovation strategies for a global economy, their development, implementation, measurement and management. Innovation systems are global, complex, dynamic and non-linear in response to policy intervention. Thus the focus turns to a science of innovation policy, essential to an understanding of non- linear innovation systems sufficient to support policy learning and effective intervention.Item Innovation-led development path in the Philippines project : reflection and recommendation(Noviscape Consulting Group Company, 2011) Chairatana, Pun-ArjSome obstacles for measuring innovation in developing economies are: differing evolutionary paths; demand on special indicators to measure innovativeness; the complexity of enterprise processes; and the role of the non-technological dimension. In the Philippines context, it is challenging to assess innovative capabilities and innovation characteristics of firms relative to other scales of measurement, such as Research and Development infrastructure surveys or national or community innovation surveys, as largely, these are fragmented, late-coming, or do not as yet exist. The report focuses on results of the 2009 Survey of Innovation Activities (SIA), which is derived from innovation performances from four key cities.Item Mapping of patents in India of the platform technologies and TB & Malaria(2010)Platform Technology includes research tools which refer to the materials and methods scientists need in order to carry out research, such as those used in laboratories (which have no immediate value). Others may be already end products such as cell lines, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, reagents, organisms. The presentation provides information on patent protection, licensing and other matters intrinsic to enabling research activities, with a focus on TB and Malaria. Research tool-specific patent protection would include research tools such as are used to perform specific tests; for instance, the HIV/HCV test can be protected in research tool-specific patent protection.Item Mobile banking : innovation for the poor(Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, United Nations University (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, NL, 2011)This research examines the factors influencing the adoption of mobile banking by people at the Base of the Pyramid (BOP) in South Africa, with a special focus on trust, cost and risk. The most crucial factor for customers of mobile banking is cost. Furthermore, mobile banking service providers need to be trustworthy. Trust plays a role in risk mitigation and in enhancing customer loyalty. Data for this study was collected through paper questionnaires in townships around Gauteng. The analysis suggests statistical indicators that could describe changes in products being offered and how they can be used by consumers.Item One-Day Preliminary National Consultation on Access to Patented Knowledge "Patents and Platform Technologies: Understanding Implications for Research and Development in Malaria and Tuberculosis"(2010)Mr. Linu Mathew Philip, Executive Director, Centad warmly welcomed all distinguished resource people and delegates attending the consultation. He began the introduction by stating the importance of platform technology as an inter-phase to access medicine, in a time when pathogens were getting more resilient and there are fewer technologies to take on these issues. Mr. Philip also mentioned about Centad‟s dreams of access to medicines by taking on the policy issues effectively and aggressively. To make policies enable in such a way that people can have access to medicines and access to innovations, adding that technologies can find a good solution to these existing disease and the diseases that maybe coming in the course of time...Item Patent and research exemption: Challenges for research capacity and utilization in universities, research institutions and industry in Botswana(2009)This study focuses on the patent system, which is a key tool in promoting research and innovation. The general objective of the study is to assess the challenges of patent and research exemptions on research capacity and utilization in universities, research institutions and industry in Botswana. Empirical evidence was obtained through the use of questionnaires administered to researchers in academic and research institutions, manufacturing industries and companies throughout the country, backed by two focus group discussions (one in the south of the country and the other in the north). The records of patents registered in the country before and after independence were extracted and studied. The empirical findings gathered from the questionnaires and focus group discussions were carefully analysed and a number of conclusions were drawn. First, that in spite of intellectual property legislation having been introduced as early as 1966, the level of patent awareness and possibly intellectual property awareness in the country generally is low (67%), while only 62% of researchers from academic institutions were aware. Most researchers, whether in the academia or in industry, claim some awareness about the existence of patents but on closer questioning, it becomes clear that such knowledge is usually very superficial. Hence, the existence of a legal framework dealing with patents and its attempts to provide incentives and promote research and innovations, especially through research exemptions is bound to be ineffective in the absence of patent awareness. Second, whilst it is clear that the existing legal framework recognizes and protects patents, the nature and scope for encouraging research use of patented inventions through research exemption is less clear. A wide variety of options are available for addressing the problems associated with experimenting with patented products. It is necessary that for patent legislation to be balanced, it must also contain an experimental use exemption to enhance the prospects of encouraging research and innovation with respect to patented products. Finally, it is also necessary that incentives to innovate, such as royalty sharing agreements and special achievement awards are provided to encourage inventors. At the end of the day, the critical issue seems to be the need to create an awareness of the potential benefits of patents and research exemptions in underdeveloped countries if the legal protection provided is going to have any practical effects on researchers.