Innovation, Technology and Society (ITS) / Innovation, technologie et société (ITS)
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Innovation, Technology and Society (ITS)
The Innovation, Technology and Society (ITS) program contributed to a more just, equitable and sustainable social and economic development in low and middle-income countries by supporting research and related activities in science, technology and innovation.
ITS aimed to improve understanding, capacity and linkages of innovation system actors in developing countries; supported the development of S&T policies that contributed to the functioning of innovation systems; and strengthened socio-economic impact analysis, social inclusion and learning capabilities in support of innovation and the governance of new technologies.
Innovation, technologie et société (ITS)
Le programme Innovation, technologie et société (ITS) a contribué à un développement social et économique plus juste, équitable et durable dans les pays à faible revenu et à revenu intermédiaire, en y soutenant la recherche et d’autres activités dans les domaines de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation.
ITS cherchait notamment à améliorer la compréhension, les capacités et les liens des acteurs des systèmes d’innovation dans les pays en développement; à soutenir l’élaboration de politiques en matière de science et de technologie qui contribuent à un meilleur fonctionnement des systèmes d’innovation; et à renforcer l’analyse des répercussions socioéconomiques, l’inclusion sociale et la capacité d’apprentissage en vue d’appuyer l’innovation et la gouvernance des nouvelles technologies.
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Item Academy-industry interactions at three different stages of the linking process : micro evidence from the perspective of both agents; Globelics Conference, Dakar, Senegal(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)Findings of the study show that researcher’s value collaborative R&D, networking and consultancy in terms of knowledge compared with firms’ emphasis on human resources mobility. Academy-industry collaborations are categorized as successful even though these types of linkages are as yet uncommon in Mexico. Differences in the perception of benefits limit interactions and the possibility of initiating virtuous circles in the production and diffusion of knowledge. The Mexican case suggests the existence of two main types of collaboration drivers for firms: to increase firms´ technological capabilities and to complement them. These are largely basic/intermediate capabilities, with weak absorptive capacity of external knowledge.Item Academy-industry links in Brazil: evidence about channels and benefits for firms and researchers(Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)Knowledge flows between universities, public research institutes and firms may take various channels according to agents’ motivations and expected benefits. Models were estimated to investigate which channels of interaction lead to which benefits for firms, universities and research institutes in Brazil. Bi-directional channels are shown to be particularly relevant, yielding both innovative and productive benefits for the firms and intellectual and economic benefits for the universities. As for interactions between firms and research institutes, bi-directional channels are the most important in terms of intellectual benefits for the researchers and innovative benefits for the firms. These findings seem to confirm the dual role of the universities, versus a more focused one for the research institutes, and raise policy issues. Moreover, a negative correlation between investment in internal research and development and productive benefits for the firms was found, indicating that the expected benefits of public expenditure are not turning into innovation.Item Academy-industry modes of interaction and the influence of innovation policies : the case of Mexico (themes: Third Mission of Universities, National Innovation Systems, Triple Helice, 2009, Glasgow, Escocia)(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)The aim was to better understand and compare the diverse modes of University - Industry interactions in the context of a developing country (México) by examining structural and policy related factors that might be underlying those interactions. The paper summarizes results of a survey which collected data on various modes of firms/academy interaction; 104 respondents were firms that have benefited from governmental incentives to innovation activities, and 280 that haven’t had access to those types of incentives. Incentives for performing innovation activities seem to have a significant impact in a firm’s innovation behavior.Item Access to Knowledge in Biotechnology: Can Patent Pooling Work in India?(2010)The concern for adequate access to patented knowledge is as old as the history of modern intellectual property rights (IPR). While it was always thought that the poor consumers may not be able to access knowledge, with the internationalization of IPR in particular due to the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), it was pointed out by many that developing countries would find it difficult to access patented knowledge (Maskus 2000; Giannakas 2001). The issue of access to patented knowledge created in the developed world by the developing countries came to limelight in 1998, when 39 big pharmaceutical companies sued the government of South Africa which was trying to deal with the problem of AIDS by importing drugs from companies which were not authorised licensee to produce these drugs as they were operating in countries that allowed such production. This created a major backlash as NGOs and activists launched a global movement as they thought that this move by the companies would undermine the efforts to combat the AIDS crisis (IEGBIIP 2008)...Item Access to Patented of Platform technologies in TB and Malaria - Issues and possible solutions in Indian Context(2010) Visalakshi, S; Santhosh, M RPatents are issued to protect inventions and innovations and to serve as incentive for more such activity and as consideration for disseminating the invention/innovation to the wider public. This is expected to lead to larger quantity of the product/service which the patent contains so that the availability would be more and wide spread. It would also encourage competition. Hence the main purpose of issue of patent is encouraging dissemination of knowledge and wider use. If it really happens in the field it is very good. But does it really happen? The situation in the field at times is to exclude than include more people as users of knowledge embedded in a patent. This can happen by broad patents, refusal to license the patent etc. This can lead to monopolies, high prices, slow or no progress on follow-on research, reduced number of new products in the market etc. Ultimately in the case of biomedical research it can lead to reduced access to health care products which are vital. In this area especially after the advent of biotechnology there is a unusual increase in patenting activity by the academia and industry which includes upstream patenting which is the main concern of this study. TB and malaria are diseases of importance to India and developing countries. There is still a high incidence of infections and resistance to drug and insecticides have led to new forms of TB like MDRs and XDRs and in the case of malaria, resurgence of the disease. There are efforts at global and Indian levels to stop TB and drugs/vaccines for Malaria etc. In India, research is on at the basic level to understand infectiveness of the pathogen and immunity of the populations to find clues to discover and design drugs, develop diagnostics, which can detect infections rapidly and come out with vaccines for the above diseases.Item Accessing Patented Knowledge for Innovation - Technical Report(2010-08)As the world moves towards a knowledge-based economy, where wealth creation is no longer based on the capital investment, but rather on the brainpower and ability to create, Intellectual property (IP) has become an integral part of world business and a major source for wealth creation and economic growth (ARIPO, 2002). The current debate on the role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and economic development generally as well as implications on research capabilities and capacities is linked to the fundamental changes that have taken place in international IPR system following the implementation of the Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement....Item Actes de l'atelier national sur l'état des lieux de la situation des acteurs du système d'innovation des filières maïs, mil, mangue et karité au Burkina Faso, 24 au 27 juin 2009, Kombissiri(Secrétariat Permanent du Forum sur la Recherche Scientifique et les Innovations Technologiques (SP/FRSIT), BF, 2009)Item Africa's academies : robust scientific institutions won't be built in a day(MacMillan Publishers, Basingstoke, GB, 2007)Item Análisis comparativo de los sistemas nacionales de innovación : informe final - políticas regionales de innovación en el MERCOSUR: obstáculos y oportunidades(Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educación Superior (Centro Redes), Buenos Aires, AR, 2010)El MERCOSUR debería ser aprovechado como el espacio a partir del cual generar economías de escala y aglomeración, no sólo en lo que respecta a la producción de bienes sino especialmente en relación a la creación de conocimiento. Las potencialidades de este bien son ampliamente conocidas y la posibilidad de generar sinergias y efectos sistémicos que permitan a los países de la región aprovechar dichas externalidades constituye sin lugar a dudas, un espacio para la política de promoción de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación. Para avanzar en esta línea, resulta necesario primero conocer la conducta de las firmas de cada país y la dinámica de funcionamiento del sistema nacional de innovación (SNI) en general, de manera de identificar esos espacios con potencial de cooperación. En este sentido, se evidencian muchas características y problemas compartidos entre los miembros del bloque.Item Análisis de la situación de género en la pequeña producción algodonera en contextos de innovación tecnológica. Vida doméstica y prácticas socio-técnicas(2011)En esta presentación se exponen los ejes principales que se articularon en el proyecto de investigación que indaga sobre el impacto de la introducción de innovaciones tecnológicas en la situación de la mujer campesina de la región algodonera argentina. El objetivo general del proyecto es analizar desde el enfoque de género los procesos de producción, difusión, adopción y uso de conocimientos asociados a la producción algodonera transgénica en establecimientos productivos de baja escala en la provincia de Chaco. Dicho objetivo se basa en el interés de este sector, como caso testigo, de la difusión reciente de innovaciones biotecnológicas en la producción algodonera en una región que presenta problemas graves de pobreza y exclusión social. El conocimiento de los factores de género que intervienen en los circuitos productivos e innovativos es un tema poco explorado, pese al lugar relevante que ocupa la mujer en este tipo de producción agrícola, principalmente en las labores de cosecha. El proyecto de investigación se encuentra actualmente en su fase final. En su momento inicial y como parte de la indagación conceptual, se han podido establecer dos grandes ejes a partir de los cuáles se ha orientado el análisis e interpretación del objeto de interés. El primero de ellos basado los aportes provenientes de las líneas de trabajo inscriptas dentro de la sociología de la tecnología y la innovación, haciendo especial énfasis en la relación género – innovación – desarrollo social; el otro toma como referencia al tratamiento de la pobreza desde una perspectiva de género. Se identificaron los desarrollos teórico-conceptuales que vinculan pobreza y género distinguiendo los aspectos que deben considerarse para el tratamiento de sus mutuas implicancias, con especial atención en los estudios que abordan la problemática de las mujeres rurales argentinas en condiciones de pobreza. Con esta indagación se estableció un enhebrado conceptual desde el que se delinearon las principales dimensiones del fenómeno abordado y desde el punto de vista metodológico permitió diseñar las estrategias de “acceso” a la realidad. En esta comunicación se exponen algunos de los nudos centrales que guiaron la indagación y se presenta una síntesis de los principales resultados del trabajo de campo realizado.Item Análisis De La Situación De Género En La Vida Doméstica Y Productiva Complementaria En La Pequeña Producción Algodonera En Contextos De Innovación Tecnológica(2011)Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación microsociológica y cualitativa que indaga el rol de la mujer dentro de la producción algodonera en pequeña escala del Noreste del Argentina. El objetivo general del proyecto es analizar, desde una perspectiva de género, los procesos de producción, difusión, adopción y uso de conocimientos asociados a la producción algodonera transgénica en establecimientos productivos minifundistas. El escrito se concentra en las ideas, valores y juicios que circulan dentro del grupo estudiado respecto al lugar de la mujer en las actividades y los recursos ligados al ámbito doméstico y productivo, predial o extra predial, complementario a la producción algodonera. Para ello se analizan los testimonios recogidos durante el trabajo de campo realizado entre septiembre y noviembre de 2010 en las regiones Sudoeste, Norte y Noreste de la provincia de Chaco y en la localidad formoseña El Colorado, donde se visitaron unidades productivas familiares y se entrevistó, en todos los casos en donde resultó posible, al matrimonio cohabitante en los predios. De acuerdo al objetivo general de la investigación marco de esta ponencia, se privilegia en la construcción interpretativa de cada una de las dimensiones de análisis, la mirada femenina y se la relaciona a la visión propia del varón. Las herramientas conceptuales que guían la interpretación son provistas por los estudios rurales con perspectiva de género.Item Análisis de las iniciativas MERCOSUR para la promoción de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación(Centro de Formación para la Integración Regional (CEFIR), Montevideo, UY, 2010) Zurbriggen, Cristina; González Lago, MarianaItem Analysis of media reportage of GMOs : a briefing paper(Gene Campaign, New Delhi, IN, 2010)This media content analysis reveals that basic awareness about GM foods needs to be raised among consumers through government ministries, consumer interest groups, and biotech food-crop companies. Attitudes and perceptions of consumers regarding GM foods, and their concerns over consumption of them are not covered by print media. It concludes that consumer questions need to be addressed first, before GM foods are introduced in India.Item Analysis of the current state of science, technology and innovation in the health sector(2006)Despite awareness of the importance of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) in improving the capacity for better healthcare, very limited attention and investment and has been directed to it. Without a strategy and national research agenda, the activities of SCT&I in the health sector in Mozambique occur in a context of improvisation, changing according to the plans of the leadership of the moment. The paper reviews the current state of affairs (2007) and suggests among other things that the National Laboratory for Medicines Quality Control (LNCQM)and the Ministry of Health (MOH) are significant institutions for enacting change.Item Analysis of the engagement of political leaders with GMOs : a briefing paper(Gene Campaign, New Delhi, IN, 2010)Issues concerning genetically modified organisms (GMO) have been debated both in the Rajya Sabha and in the Lok Sabha (House and Legislative Assemblies of Indian parliament). The published parliamentary debates by themselves act as an important source of information and help to raise awareness regarding GM products and technologies in India. This paper provides a content analysis of important debate issues, and extracts nine predominant issues related to GM food and technology put forward in the question and answer sessions.Item Application of total innovation management to leverage innovation capabilities of chinese small & medium sized enterprises(Research Center for Innovation and Development (RCID), Hangzhou, CN, 2010) Xu, Qingrui; Chen, Jin; Zhu, Bin; Guo, Bin; Zhao, X.Q.There is still a wide gap in innovative and technological capabilities between China and industrialized countries. The project goal is to leverage innovative capabilities and the competitiveness of Small & Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) via Total Innovation Management (TIM), and thereby contribute to the social and economic development of Zhejiang and other provinces in China. This report outlines project activities, events, outputs, and outcomes. Total innovation capability (TIC) can be divided into core capability and supplementary capability: core capability is positively related to innovation performance, yet needs appropriate time and resources to be built up. R&D investment can increase stability.Item Assessing the Challenges of Patent and Research Exemptions on Research Capacity and Utilization in Universities, Research Institutions and Industry in Botswana(2010-07) Ama, Njoku Ola; Fombad, Charles MThe study analyzed the opinion of a stratified sample of 366 people from universities, research institutions and industry in Botswana on how patent regime and research exemptions impact on their research capacities and utilization of research outputs. The results of the study showed that although awareness of the use of patent rights to protect their invention was low (67%), the utilization of patent was extremely very low (8%). In addition, over 75% of the respondents were convinced of the need of granting universities and research institutions statutory research exemptions. In their view, granting such exemptions will enhance the researchers’ abilities to verify the truthfulness and accuracy of patent claims, and be able to compare old and new technologies. The study therefore recommends that (i) the IP Unit in the relevant ministry needs to adopt a more proactive role by sensitising people, especially those whose activities may result in inventions, about their IP rights, how these rights can be protected, the advantages of protecting their rights to inventions through patents and the patent procedure. Information literature contained in leaflets and other types of flyers should be widely used; (ii) The Tertiary Education Board, which is the supervisory body for education in the country needs to formulate an IP policy which should guide all the tertiary institutions in the country; (iii) The existing legal framework on patent rights and research exemptions in Botswana need to be made more effective; (iv) The Government, tertiary institutions and industry must be compelled to allocate funds for research and innovation; (v) Financial incentives, possibly through a 50/50 sharing of royalties from patents should be introduced; and (vi) Academic institutions should device well-publicised schemes to recognise and reward innovative initiatives by staff.Item Assessing the challenges of patent and research exemptions on research capacity and utilization in universities, research institutions and industry in Botswana : final research report(University of Botswana, Gaborone, GW, 2009)The paper provides context for the current legal framework for intellectual property law in Botswana. It explores the current patent regime in terms of awareness; utilization by individuals, researchers and organizations including academic institutions and industry; and problems of patent rights that might inhibit research. The study assessed the challenges of patent and research exemptions on research capacity and utilization in universities, and research institutions and industry. Given that patent awareness by researchers is very low, a legal framework dealing with patents will be ineffective, as well as any attempts to provide incentives and promote research and innovations.Item Assessing the potential economic impact of Bt cotton in West Africa : preliminary findings and elements of a proposed methodology; revised final report in partial fulfillment of World Bank(International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, US, 2007)This pre-project study lays groundwork to enable agroeconomists in West Africa in policy decisions about Bt cotton in West Africa. Assessment of the social, economic, and environmental risks of genetically engineered cotton is important for the design of appropriate regulatory frameworks. The study is an exhaustive review of (published) applied economics literature about Bt cotton in developing economies. In the case of West and Central Africa, the region will lose about $10m annually if does not adopt while other countries do; whereas the region could gain $10m annually if Benin, Burkina Faso, Mail, Senegal and Togo adopt Bt cotton at a 30% level.Item Assessing the potential economic impact of Bt cotton in West Africa : preliminary findings and elements of a proposed methods; executive summary(International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, US, 2007)