Asia / Asie
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Item Alternatives for safe water provision in urban and peri-urban slums(2010) Ali, Syed ImranIn response to rapid urbanization throughout the global South, urban and peri-urban slums are expanding at an alarming rate. Owing to inadequate financial and institutional resources at the municipal level, conventional approaches for safe water provision with centralized treatment and distribution infrastructure have been unable to keep pace with rapidly growing demand. In the absence of alternatives to centralized systems, a global public health emergency of infectious water-related diseases has developed. Alternative decentralized water treatment systems have been promoted in recent years as a means of achieving rapid health gains among vulnerable populations. Though much work with decentralized systems, especially in urban environments, has been at the household level, there is also considerable potential for development at the community level. Both levels of approach have unique sets of advantages and disadvantages that, just as with treatment technologies, may make certain options more appropriate than others in a particular setting. Integrating community, government and other relevant stakeholders into the process of systems development and implementation is essential if the outcome is to be appropriate to local circumstances and sustainable in the long term.Item Handbook on women's safety audits in low-income urban neighbourhoods : a focus on essential services [Hindi version](JAGORI, New Delhi, IN, 2010) Tandon Mehrotra, Surabhi; Khosla, Prabha; Travers, KathrynThis handbook is a comprehensive guide prepared by JAGORI, on conducting WSA’s (Women’s Safety Audits) in low income urban neighbourhoods, with a special focus on essential services. The Action Research Project on Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities (2009-11) implemented in two resettlement colonies of Delhi is also the result of a partnership between JAGORI and WICI (Women in Cities International), a Canadian based organization working in Canada and internationally. In Delhi, the project is being implemented in partnership with Action India. The handbook also serves as a wonderful example of partnering with people across continents to produce a work of knowledge and learning on globally shared concerns.Item Handbook on women's safety audits in low-income urban neighbourhoods : a focus on essential services(JAGORI, New Delhi, IN, 2010-11) Tandon Mehrotra, Surabhi; Khosla, Prabha; Travers, KathrynThis handbook is a comprehensive guide prepared by JAGORI, on conducting WSA’s (Women’s Safety Audits) in low income urban neighbourhoods, with a special focus on essential services. The Action Research Project on Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities (2009-11) implemented in two resettlement colonies of Delhi is also the result of a partnership between JAGORI and WICI (Women in Cities International), a Canadian based organization working in Canada and internationally. In Delhi, the project is being implemented in partnership with Action India. The handbook also serves as a wonderful example of partnering with people across continents to produce a work of knowledge and learning on globally shared concerns.Item Gender and essential services in low-income communities : report on the findings of the action research project “Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities”(Women in Cities International, Montréal, QC, CA, 2011) Travers, Kathryn; Khosla, Prabha; Dhar, SuneetaWomen and girls human rights include the right to live with dignity, safety and security and without fear. This action research project focuses on issues of governance, of the involvement of poor women in decisions affecting water and sanitation in slum areas. Objectives were to identify how poverty, land tenure, water access and sanitation, and lack of access to other services impact and endanger women’s lives, livelihoods and well-being in target countries and cities using the women’s safety audit. Where water provision is considered women’s work, there are close links between access to good water and sanitation, gender equality and women’s empowerment.Item Focus CITY programme : community based assessment and improvement of living environment in usss and environs; the case of Gothamipura, Colombo (end of project evaluation : final report)(Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA), Colombo, LK, 2011) Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA)Underserved Settlements (USSs), as opposed to slums, refer to urban settlements in Colombo and suburbs that are situated on unauthorized land areas, characterized most often by high densities of populations (four times the average of the city of Colombo), and situated on land that is state or privately owned and not owned by residents. A detailed baseline socio-economic survey of residents was completed. Improved sanitation and land tenure security are key components of the project. Community ‘ownership’ of the project, and obtaining adequate participation in the urban/USS setting, given lifestyles and social dynamics, is an important issue for sustainability of such initiatives.Item Efficacy of an appropriate point-of-use water treatment intervention for low-income communities in India utilizing Moringa oleifera, sari-cloth filtration and solar UV disinfection(2011) Ali, Syed Imran; MacDonald, Morgan; Jincy, J; Sampath, K Arun; Vinothini, GThis study investigated the efficacy of a POU water treatment system featuring sari-cloth filtration and/ or Moringa oleifera coagulation as pre-treatments for solar disinfection (SODIS). Surface water from a peri-urban slum in Chennai, India, was treated and analysed for turbidity, organic content via chemical oxygen demand (COD) and microbiological quality via most probable number (MPN) enumeration of total coliforms. Pre-treatment with both moringa coagulation and sari-cloth filtration significantly improved the turbidity of raw water compared to no pre-treatment controls (P ¼ 0.0002). Optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform sari-cloth filtration (P ¼ 0.06), but combining optimal moringa coagulation with sari-cloth filtration significantly outperformed either pre-treatment independently with respect to turbidity (P ¼ 0.016 and P ¼ 0.0001, respectively). The addition of moringa was found to increase COD in treated water, with greater doses of moringa resulting in higher COD levels (P ¼ 0.04). Increased organics may have encouraged the re-growth of coliform bacteria that was observed in those jars receiving moringa coagulant such that, with respect to MPN, those jars which were subject to optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform those undergoing sari-cloth filtration alone (P ¼ 0.41). Sari-cloth filtration is recommended as a pre-treatment for SODIS whereas moringa is not, as further investigation on the relationship between organics and bacterial re-growth is necessary.Item Safe access to basic infrastructure: more than pipes and taps [Chapter 8](2012) Khosla, Prabha; Dhar, Suneeta; Whitzman, Carolyn; Legacy, Crystal; Andrew, Caroline; Klodawsky, Fran; Shaw, MargaretBuilding on a growing movement within developing countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia-Pacific, as well as Europe and North America, this book documents cutting edge practice and builds theory around a rights based approach to women’s safety in the context of poverty reduction and social inclusion. Drawing upon two decades of research and grassroots action on safer cities for women and everyone, this book is about the right to an inclusive city. The first part of the book describes the challenges that women face regarding access to essential services, housing security, liveability and mobility. The second part of the book critically examines programs, projects and ideas that are working to make cities safer. Building Inclusive Cities takes a cross-cultural learning perspective from action research occurring throughout the world and translates this research into theoretical conceptualizations to inform the literature on planning and urban management in both developing and developed countries. This book is intended to inspire both thought and action.Item Gendered and caste spaces in household water use : a case of Aliabad village in peri-urban Hyderabad, India(SaciWATERs, Andhra Pradesh, IN, 2012) Prakash, Anjal; Singh, SreoshiThis paper deals with the ways in which gender and caste identities marginalise particular groups from access to water in a village in periurban Hyderabad, India. It shows how the intersection of gender, caste and water issues determine allocation and access to water at the household level, in a village influenced by rapid urbanisation. Relying on a primary survey that collected gender and caste disaggregated data, this paper shows socially differentiated perceptions for water access and use and how they shape vulnerability to water insecurity and adaptation. The gender and caste inequity in access to water in the village is not an isolated case but part of the larger process of 'apolitical' water reforms in India that chooses to ignore gender and caste inequalities and therefore misses to reach the last person.Item Determinants of sustainability in solid waste management : the Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Indonesia(Elsevier, 2012) Zurbrügg, Christian; Gfrerer, Margareth; Ashadi, Henki; Brenner, Werner; Küper, DavidAccording to most experts, integrated and sustainable solid waste management should not only be given top priority, but must go beyond technical aspects to include various key elements of sustainability to ensure success of any solid waste project. Aside from project sustainable impacts, the overall enabling environment is the key feature determining performance and success of an integrated and affordable solid waste system. This paper describes a project-specific approach to assess typical success or failure factors. A questionnaire-based assessment method covers issues of: (i) social mobilisation and acceptance (social element), (ii) stakeholder, legal and institutional arrangements comprising roles, responsibilities and management functions (institutional element); (iii) financial and operational requirements, as well as cost recovery mechanisms (economic element). The Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Bali, Indonesia was analysed using this integrated assessment method. The results clearly identified chief characteristics, key factors to consider when planning country wide replication but also major barriers and obstacles which must be overcome to ensure project sustainability. The Gianyar project consists of a composting unit processing 60 tons of municipal waste per day from 500,000 inhabitants, including manual waste segregation and subsequent composting of the biodegradable organic fraction.Item Economics of climate change in the water sector in Nepal : a stakeholder-focused approach; a case study of the Rupa Watershed, Kaski, Nepal(International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, GB, 2012-03) Dhakal, Arjun; Dixit, AjayaNepal’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) shows the watershed area is vulnerable to climate change, with landslides a particular concern. The region in general has experienced increased temperatures and erratic and intense rainfall. The main objective of the study was to explore the options for managing Rupa Lake even under the extreme conditions of climate change, through implementing adaptation measures as chosen by local stakeholders. Two options were presented for cost-benefit analyses: construction of gabion check dams in the river, and construction of an earth-fill dam in the lake. The Rupa Watershed is typical of mountain ecosystems.Item Reducing adaptation costs to climate change through stakeholder-focused project design : the case of Khulna city in Bangladesh(International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, GB, 2012-03) Haque, A.K. EnamulIn the case of the Khulna city drainage system adaptation project, the project used a combination of complex models in order to derive a set of strategies for adaptation to climate risks. The study develops a stakeholder-focused cost-benefit analysis for Khulna City in terms of flooding due to climate change. Adaptation and mitigation projects must take into account stakeholders’ perceptions in order to reduce costs, as many climate events are in the distant future, making it likely that stakeholders will take autonomous adaptation measures. In order to develop a better understanding, the model used two IPCC global climate scenarios.Item Analysing the cost of adapting to climate change(International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2012-05) Fisher, SuzanneHow do you estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change on vulnerable communities, where stakeholders are involved in identifying costs and benefits? Project benefits – and the importance of those benefits – are different depending on which stakeholders you ask. ‘Stakeholders’ is NGO jargon for all the groups impacted by the climate change adaptation projects being studied, such as the national or local government, the local community (including local farmers), and the private sector. A workshop looks at approaches to cost benefit analysis, where classic analysis doesn’t account for non-monetary benefits.Item Centre for Regional Studies, School of Social Sciences, Hyderabad Central University : presentation(South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies (SaciWATERs), Hyderabad, IN, 2012-07) Prakash, AnjalThe presentation focuses on ideas of the “peri-urban” in terms of process, concept and features rather than as a fixed geographical space around the city. The peri-urban is then used as a conceptual lens to study rural-urban relationships and flows of water/water security and insecurity. Details of peri-urban climate and water management in Kathmandu (Nepal) and Khulna (Bangladesh) are expanded upon. Planning and governance must consider the interrelationship between rural and urban water flows.Item Climate change, salinity intrusion and water insecurity in peri-urban Khulna, Bangladesh(Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 2013) Khan, Shah AlamKhulna is the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh and one of the five biggest river ports. The presentation provides back ground to increased urbanization in terms of topography and geography. Climate change factors such as increases in temperature, humidity and rainfall are factored in, with implications for water (in)security. Low lands and fallow lands are decreasing whereas the built-up areas are increasing and projected to expand to 33% while water bodies are reduced to 3%. Recommendations include some adaptation practices as well as community action and advocacy based on research.Item Adapting to climate change and water security in Asia : proceedings from the Regional Meeting for IDRC-funded partners in Asia working on climate change adaptation research(IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2013) IDRCThe meeting brought together partners from 20 research projects in Asia that are funded through IDRC's Climate Change and Water (CCW) program. These projects explore climate change adaptation through a range of different thematic entry points, including coastal vulnerability, peri-urban and urban water security, disaster risk reduction, and water governance. The objective of the meeting was to enable knowledge sharing between researchers on lessons learned in utilizing some key methods: economic analysis, social vulnerability assessment, biophysical modeling; and to explore how effective results can be produced from research to strengthen adaptation policies, plans, and actions in the Asia region.Item Adapting to Climate Change in Urbanizing Watersheds (ACCUWa) : situation in Arkavathy basin(Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2013) Srinivasan, VeenaThe research entailed a comparative study of climate change‐water vulnerability and adaptation in two urbanizing watersheds. The presentation underlines multiple levels of complexity where the approach of blindly applying historical rainfall‐runoff relationships to predict future water supply are no longer valid. With climate change, multiple scales of vulnerability need also be factored in: climate variability occurs at the basin scale, whereas vulnerability is experienced at the household scale. As well, different areas of the watershed are vulnerable to different supply variability pathways. A new approach to planning for climate vulnerability will encompass multiple stressors.Item Communication strategy in action research on water security in four South Asian peri-urban locations : CCW Asia Regional Partners Meeting, June 19-20, 2013, Kathmandu, Nepal(IWFM, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 2013) Khan, M. Shah AlamCommunication is best viewed as a process of sustained engagement rather than just a link for dissemination. This presentation provides guidance regarding best practices in targeting communication towards affecting policy, and supports the notion that communication and research are not parallel activities; effective communication needs to be grounded in research. It references three campaigns: ‘Save the Mayur’ (Khulna); ‘Save Our Urban Lakes’ (Hyderabad); and, ‘Water Source Conservation’ (Kathmandu).Item Issues, learnings and way forwards : Presentation at the workshop – Adapting to Climate Change and Water Security in Asia, June 18, 2013(South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies (SaciWATERs), Hyderabad, IN, 2013) Prakash, AnjalClimate variability and urbanization intersect and create patterns of peri-urban water insecurity. The presentation provides evidence of climate change, and ways people are adapting. The study advocates for disaggregation of data in order to better understand vulnerabilities (gender, class\caste vis-à-vis access to water). Scientific analysis is rarely available at a local level so that farmers rely on their own observations and subjective interpretations. Local concerns are not reflected in the planning process. The project shows that involvement of communities and related government level departments would benefit in getting the planning right.Item Climate change policy making : case study of Nepal's LAPA; connecting research and policy(ISET-Nepal, 2013) Dixit, AjayaNational programmes do not reach the local level for effective action and hence will not reach the most vulnerable people. Nepal is fourth in terms of international climate change vulnerability. In terms of local adaptation planning action (LAPA), the presentation advocates for a systems approach to help understand power balance and imbalances and social differentials; to generate and integrate ideas; and to engage in constructive dialogue.
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