Urban and Peri-urban Water and Sanitation / Eau et assainissement urbain et péri-urbain
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Item Slumdog sustainability(Environmental Studies Association of Canada (ESAC), 2009) Redwood, MarkThe article describes Penjaringan, one of the eight "living laboratories" on three continents that are part of the lDRC Focus Cities Research Initiative. Working with local research organizations, the project recognizes that assets are bound tightly together in a community, and a deficit in one diminishes the others. Many communities in the Focus Cities initiative are generating income by recycling wastes. In Penjaringan the residents make bricks from sludge and marketable compost from garbage.Item Coming clean on wastewater(CTV globemedia Publishing, Toronto, ON, CA, 2009) Redwood, MarkThis newspaper article focuses on the challenges, uses and management of wastewater to grow food. It features an IDRC project in Jordan that has produced simple and cheap filtration systems that allow individual households to reuse wastewater they once poured down the drain. Working with the World Health Organization (WHO) the IDRC has produced an information kit that presents wastewater guidelines in a clear and concise way, so they can be well understood by city governments and local health authorities.Item Informe del Taller "Políticas Públicas de Agua y Saneamiento Urbano : El Rol de los Aguateros Privados y las Juntas de Saneamiento", Asunción, 6 de octubre 2009(BPD Water and Sanitation, London, GB, 2009) SUMANDOItem Learning to swim : strengthening flooding governance in the city of Cape Town(University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA, 2009) Ziervogel, Gina; Smit, WarrenVulnerability to flooding is a growing concern in cities of the South, where resources are concentrated and poor people often settle in flood prone areas. Climate change projections of increased intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events suggest flooding impacts will grow in future, demanding improved response to current flood risk in order to adapt. Attempts by the City of Cape Town to reduce flood risk in informal settlements have not been successful, mainly because of institutional and governance constraints that result in a focus on narrow technical solutions and on the provision of disaster relief. This paper explores the notion of flooding governance and how it might be used to suggest ways to strengthen flood management strategies, particularly through collaborative governance across the local and city scale in the context of adaptation to climate change. The challenges associated with flood risk management in the City of Cape Town are discussed before presenting how a new project at the University of Cape Town aims to address these challenges.Item Alternatives for safe water provision in urban and peri-urban slums(2010) Ali, Syed ImranIn response to rapid urbanization throughout the global South, urban and peri-urban slums are expanding at an alarming rate. Owing to inadequate financial and institutional resources at the municipal level, conventional approaches for safe water provision with centralized treatment and distribution infrastructure have been unable to keep pace with rapidly growing demand. In the absence of alternatives to centralized systems, a global public health emergency of infectious water-related diseases has developed. Alternative decentralized water treatment systems have been promoted in recent years as a means of achieving rapid health gains among vulnerable populations. Though much work with decentralized systems, especially in urban environments, has been at the household level, there is also considerable potential for development at the community level. Both levels of approach have unique sets of advantages and disadvantages that, just as with treatment technologies, may make certain options more appropriate than others in a particular setting. Integrating community, government and other relevant stakeholders into the process of systems development and implementation is essential if the outcome is to be appropriate to local circumstances and sustainable in the long term.Item Handbook on women's safety audits in low-income urban neighbourhoods : a focus on essential services [Hindi version](JAGORI, New Delhi, IN, 2010) Tandon Mehrotra, Surabhi; Khosla, Prabha; Travers, KathrynThis handbook is a comprehensive guide prepared by JAGORI, on conducting WSA’s (Women’s Safety Audits) in low income urban neighbourhoods, with a special focus on essential services. The Action Research Project on Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities (2009-11) implemented in two resettlement colonies of Delhi is also the result of a partnership between JAGORI and WICI (Women in Cities International), a Canadian based organization working in Canada and internationally. In Delhi, the project is being implemented in partnership with Action India. The handbook also serves as a wonderful example of partnering with people across continents to produce a work of knowledge and learning on globally shared concerns.Item Handbook on women's safety audits in low-income urban neighbourhoods : a focus on essential services(JAGORI, New Delhi, IN, 2010-11) Tandon Mehrotra, Surabhi; Khosla, Prabha; Travers, KathrynThis handbook is a comprehensive guide prepared by JAGORI, on conducting WSA’s (Women’s Safety Audits) in low income urban neighbourhoods, with a special focus on essential services. The Action Research Project on Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities (2009-11) implemented in two resettlement colonies of Delhi is also the result of a partnership between JAGORI and WICI (Women in Cities International), a Canadian based organization working in Canada and internationally. In Delhi, the project is being implemented in partnership with Action India. The handbook also serves as a wonderful example of partnering with people across continents to produce a work of knowledge and learning on globally shared concerns.Item Riesgos microbianos de la producción de alimentos frescos en áreas urbanas y periurbanas de América Latina(Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Yucatan, MX, 2011) Escartín, Eduardo Fernández; Peña Cabriales, Juan JoséItem Inclusión social y económica de los recicladores en la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos urbanos : anexo 8(SGAB Conseil - Sociedad de Gestión Ambiental Boliviana, Cochabamba, BO, 2011) Paz, Gregory; Steffens, Nicole; Kawakami, KeijiPese a que los recicladores y su trabajo son una realidad en todas las ciudades de Latinoamérica, los sistemas municipales de manejo de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos no los consideran, por el contrario, los excluyen y concentran todas las actividades en la empresa operadora, privándoles de su única fuente de ingresos, profundizando su marginalidad social y económica y generando frecuentes conflictos socio ambientales. Se planteó incorporar a vecinos y recicladores al sistema municipal; mejorar los servicios ambientales y económicos que realizan los recicladores, integrarlos socialmente, incrementar sus ingresos e incorporarlos a las cadenas productivas de materiales reciclables. Se implementó este sistema en dos barrios (Bella Vista: 285 viviendas y 1140 personas y San Luis: 295 viviendas unifamiliares 1044 personas) durante 15 y 13 semanas, de marzo a agosto/2009. El 77 y 70% de los vecinos aceptó participar en la prueba separando sus residuos en 4 grupos: Biodegradables, Reciclables, No aprovechables ó Basura y Peligrosos y entregándolos a los recicladores 2 veces/semana de residuos Biodegradables y No aprovechables o Basura; 1 vez/sem. los Reciclables y los Peligrosos un vez/mes. Los resultados sociales, operativos y económicos, muestran que los recicladores pueden recoger “puerta a puerta” los residuos reciclables de 30 a 50 viviendas por día. Para esto deberían dedicar 1,93 a 3,21 horas/día a la recolección y de 4,1 a 6,8 hrs/día a la clasificación de los materiales reciclables. Estos trabajos demandan de 5 a 10 hrs/día durante 6 días/semana y les generarían ingresos a precios de mayo 2011, que son altos, de 3.480 a 5.800 Bs/mes en Bella Vista y de 1.939 a 3.232 Bs/mes en San Luis. Es decir, sus ingresos serían de 4,3 a 7,2 y de 2,4 a 4 veces el salario mínimo vital en Bella Vista, establecido en 815 Bs/mes, en Bella Vista y San Luis respectivamente.Item Gender and essential services in low-income communities : report on the findings of the action research project “Women’s Rights and Access to Water and Sanitation in Asian Cities”(Women in Cities International, Montréal, QC, CA, 2011) Travers, Kathryn; Khosla, Prabha; Dhar, SuneetaWomen and girls human rights include the right to live with dignity, safety and security and without fear. This action research project focuses on issues of governance, of the involvement of poor women in decisions affecting water and sanitation in slum areas. Objectives were to identify how poverty, land tenure, water access and sanitation, and lack of access to other services impact and endanger women’s lives, livelihoods and well-being in target countries and cities using the women’s safety audit. Where water provision is considered women’s work, there are close links between access to good water and sanitation, gender equality and women’s empowerment.Item Plan de gestión integral de residuos sólidos para el cementerio general del municipio de Cochabamba(SGAB Conseil - Sociedad de Gestión Ambiental Boliviana, Cochabamba, BO, 2011) SGAB Conseil - Sociedad de Gestión Ambiental BolivianaItem Comparative life cycle assessment of a wastewater treatment technology considering two inflow scales(Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, MX, 2011) Güereca, Leonor Patricia; Musharrafie, Adba; Martínez, Edgar; Padilla, Alejandro; Morgan, Juan Manuel; Noyola Robles, AdalbertoResults of this study suggest that the installation of one large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is better in environmental terms than several small WWTPs. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out for two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of activated sludge technology with different scales of inflow. For both systems the energy consumption, raw material, emissions to air, solid wastes and water discharges were quantified for each life cycle stage. This study is part of the project "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment in Latin America and the Caribbean, to adopt more sustainable processes and technologies."Item Participatory Improvement of Water and Sanitation Services in Tripoli through a Comparative Analysis with Irbid : final technical report(American University of Beirut, Beirut, LB, 2011) El Fadel, MutasemThis report covers the American University of Beirut (AUB) participatory study to improve water and sanitation services in the Tebbaneh region, one of the poorest urban areas in Tripoli (Lebanon). Based on community surveys and comparative analyses, pilot interventions were defined and implemented, including replacing corroded water tanks in 19 buildings with new plastic water tanks on roof tops, and the replacement of water pipes in 4 buildings. A framework for sustainable urban development was established to guide current and future urban environmental planning specifically in the Tebbaneh areas, with potential scaling up and/or extension to other similar urban areas.Item Comparison of two wastewater treatment plants : stabilization ponds and activated sludge with a social perspective impacts(Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, MX, 2011) Musharrafie, A.; Güereca, P.L.; Padilla, A.; Morgan, J.M.; Noyola, A.In this case study of Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) findings show that Activated Sludge technology performs better in categories of Greenhouse Effect, Eutrophication, and Photo-Oxidants Formations; while the Stabilization Ponds have better performance in Air Acidification, Aquatic Toxicity, Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone, Depletion of Abiotic Resources, and Human Toxicity. In Stabilization Ponds the main generator of environmental impacts are emissions produced in the anaerobic processes. The capture and use of these gases produced by the plant could provide alternative energy and reduce impacts. This study evaluates the environmental performance of two WWTPs, as well as in terms of their sustainability.Item Participatory approach to data collection for GIS for flood risk management in informal settlements of Cape Town(Geomatics Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA, 2011) Musungu, Kevin; Motala, Siddique; Smit, JulianInadequate flow of information between stakeholders can hamper development of sustainable flood risk management strategies. Using the case study of a flood prone informal settlement in Cape Town, this paper demonstrates a methodology for the collection and integration of community-based information into a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is useable by the Cape Town City Council (CTCC) for risk assessment. The study contributes to the body of Participatory GIS (PGIS) research. It demonstrates a practical approach to data collection towards development of sustainable flood risk management strategies in informal settlements.Item Focus CITY programme : community based assessment and improvement of living environment in usss and environs; the case of Gothamipura, Colombo (end of project evaluation : final report)(Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA), Colombo, LK, 2011) Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA)Underserved Settlements (USSs), as opposed to slums, refer to urban settlements in Colombo and suburbs that are situated on unauthorized land areas, characterized most often by high densities of populations (four times the average of the city of Colombo), and situated on land that is state or privately owned and not owned by residents. A detailed baseline socio-economic survey of residents was completed. Improved sanitation and land tenure security are key components of the project. Community ‘ownership’ of the project, and obtaining adequate participation in the urban/USS setting, given lifestyles and social dynamics, is an important issue for sustainability of such initiatives.Item Final report / Poverty and Environmental Vulnerability in Angola’s Growing Slums : Comparative Analysis of Luanda, Huambo and Cachiungo(Development Workshop Angola, Luanda, AO, 2011) Development Workshop AngolaRising land prices have forced the urban poor out of inner-city informal musseques to occupy lower-valued environmentally risky sites on the margins of cities, such as river basins, dangerous slopes, and areas susceptible to flooding. New mapping techniques supplied baseline data on indicators used to define slums and explored the spatial aspects of poverty, such as how people's location with respect to services, economic opportunities or environmental risks affects their overall opportunities or vulnerability. The urban areas of Luanda, Huambo and Cachiungo were chosen as representative of different types of urban areas in Angola.Item Hacia una gestión integrada de los residuos con inclusión social : recomendaciones para la acción(Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre el Desarrollo, Uruguay (CIEDUR), Montevideo, UY, 2011) Espino, Alma; Bidegain, NicoleEn este documento se presentan los principales hallazgos del estudio realizado en Montevideo en el marco del proyecto de investigación regional denominado “Dimensiones de género en el manejo de los residuos sólidos en ciudades latinoamericanas”. Por un lado, el presente estudio caracteriza la situación de las mujeres y las relaciones de género entre las y los clasificadores. Por otro, analiza algunas iniciativas departamentales dirigidas hacia el sector a fin de aportar elementos para el diseño de políticas públicas. Estas podrán contribuir a la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo de las y los clasificadores, al bienestar de las mujeres y a la superación de las desigualdades de género, así como hacia una gestión integral de residuos y a la protección del medio ambiente. Entre los principales hallazgos se destaca que la actividad de los y las clasificadores informales se engarza en la problemática de la pobreza y de ciertas formas de exclusión social de carácter estructural, relacionadas no solo con bajos ingresos, sino también con factores como la segregación residencial, falta de satisfactores básicos en vivienda e higiene, carencias educativas y de acceso al cuidado y la estigmatización del trabajo con la basura. A su vez, se identificó que existe una división sexual y generacional del trabajo en las familias clasificadoras que confina a las mujeres al ámbito doméstico para el cuidado de los bienes del hogar y de las personas y que debe ser comprendida y desafiada a la hora de implementar políticas exitosas para la formalización del sectorItem Efficacy of an appropriate point-of-use water treatment intervention for low-income communities in India utilizing Moringa oleifera, sari-cloth filtration and solar UV disinfection(2011) Ali, Syed Imran; MacDonald, Morgan; Jincy, J; Sampath, K Arun; Vinothini, GThis study investigated the efficacy of a POU water treatment system featuring sari-cloth filtration and/ or Moringa oleifera coagulation as pre-treatments for solar disinfection (SODIS). Surface water from a peri-urban slum in Chennai, India, was treated and analysed for turbidity, organic content via chemical oxygen demand (COD) and microbiological quality via most probable number (MPN) enumeration of total coliforms. Pre-treatment with both moringa coagulation and sari-cloth filtration significantly improved the turbidity of raw water compared to no pre-treatment controls (P ¼ 0.0002). Optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform sari-cloth filtration (P ¼ 0.06), but combining optimal moringa coagulation with sari-cloth filtration significantly outperformed either pre-treatment independently with respect to turbidity (P ¼ 0.016 and P ¼ 0.0001, respectively). The addition of moringa was found to increase COD in treated water, with greater doses of moringa resulting in higher COD levels (P ¼ 0.04). Increased organics may have encouraged the re-growth of coliform bacteria that was observed in those jars receiving moringa coagulant such that, with respect to MPN, those jars which were subject to optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform those undergoing sari-cloth filtration alone (P ¼ 0.41). Sari-cloth filtration is recommended as a pre-treatment for SODIS whereas moringa is not, as further investigation on the relationship between organics and bacterial re-growth is necessary.