Livestock Vaccine Innovation Fund (LVIF) / Le Fonds d’innovation en vaccins pour le bétail (FIVB)
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Item Analisis kebijakan jaminan kesehatan kota Bengkulu dalam upaya efisiensi dan efektifitas pelayanan di puskesmas(Pusat Kebijakan dan Manajemen Kesehatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, ID, 2013) Yandrizal; Anita, Betri; Suryani, DesriBackground. Mayor of Bengkulu Regulation Number 13 Year 2012 on The Implementation Guidelines for State Health Insurance Assistance Costs (Jamkeskot) in Bengkulu city is managed by the Secretariate of the Government of Community Welfare Section in Bengkulu. The cost of referral health care in Provincial General Hospital could be made more efficient by optimizing the role of community health centers as a curative, preventive and promotive health services. It is hoped to reduce the number of visits for treatment and referral to hospital. The purpose of this study is to analyze the City Health Insurance policies in an effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of primary health care and public health efforts to reduce the number of visits for treatment and referral to hospital. Method: The type of research is non-experimental research, or also called qualitative research. It is an exploratory research to find a new role of the city government and Administering Agency to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health services at the health center. Unit of Analysis: 1) Community Health Center Unit 20, 2) organizing: PT. Askes 2 person and Community Welfare section 2 person, 3) the City: Head of the Community Welfare Section 1 person, Bengkulu City Health Office 2 person. Data is collected using interview using questionnaire as the instrument, and documents review. Results: Bengkulu Jamkeskot policies have not applied the principle of insurance in which the organizers serves to control the quality and cost of health care provided in both basic services/primary and referral services. Most of the health centers tend to refer patients (67%) that are still within their authorization to provide care. The reason being: the health centers have limited equipment and drugs, and some patients demanded to be referred due to perceived bad quality of service at the health centers. The Community Welfare section has not coordinated with the City Health Office to conduct training for the health center in an effort to increase the effectiveness of services. Recommendation: The City Government is to establish a team to conduct technical guidance supervision to health centers to ensure that the health centers play the role of gatekeeper and only refer patients that need complex care, providing medical equipment and drugs to the health centers with proposed funding from Bengkulu City budget and provincial budget. The Health Centers are to provide routine counseling on healthy behavior and IEC on nutrition and hygiene to every posyandu. The City Health Office provides technical guidance in drafting POA for promotive and preventive activities to have more focus in efforts to control the causes of disease. Improve policy management of Jamkeskot by submitting the management to an administering body, so that the Jamkeskot can apply the insurance principles where the strong help the weak, the healthy help the sick, the rich help the poor; and also can control the quality and cost of service.Item Classical swine fever - disease monograph series - 07(2016)Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) affects domesticated pigs and wild boars with variable symptoms according to the virus strain, exposure history and host genetics. CSFV is reported in Europe, Central and South America, the Caribbean and Asia either through epidemics of particular strains or as an endemically established disease. Vaccination remains the preferred tool for prevention and control for smallholder pig production units. Although culling is the most effective way to control CSFV, this method is not sustainable or acceptable for developing countries. The paper discusses disease control, transmission, vaccination strategies, incidence and prevalence.Item Newcastle disease - disease monograph series - 01(2016)Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is considered the most significant cause of poultry losses globally, with greatest economic impact in terms of lost livestock in South Asia and Viet Nam (2006-2009). Vaccination remains an important means for both prevention and control of NDV in smallholder settings. The paper outlines strategic objectives for an ideal vaccine and vaccination program, as well as details on etiology, incidence, prevalence and transmission of the disease. Species susceptibility in decreasing order are as follows: chickens, turkeys, pheasants, pigeons, ducks.Item Hemorrhagic septicemia - disease monograph series - 17(2016)Most of the time vaccines for hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) do not match circulating strains of the virus, due to limited or lack of diagnostic and typing capacity, or do not include key components like leukotoxins. Cattle and buffalo are mainly affected. Vaccination of susceptible animals in endemic areas is the only practical approach to prevent HS. Although the available vaccines are effective in providing protection, disease outbreaks still occur due to low vaccination coverage, particularly of animals kept extensively. The paper presents detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of this infectious disease, as well as current vaccination possibilities.Item Avian influenza - disease monograph series – 04(2016)Avian influenza (AI) belongs to a highly mutable, reportable group of Type A influenza viruses, some of which are zoonotic. The paper highlights gaps in relation to vaccine development and sustainable field implementation for avian influenza. Epidemiology of avian influenza follows the principle of the epidemiological triad, including agent, host and environmental characteristics. Between 1876 and 2012, there have been at least 97 epizootics of AI recorded globally. Guidance for the prevention and control of HPAI H5N1 include humane culling of affected stock, movement control, disease surveillance, biosecurity, and vaccination.Item Bluetongue - disease monograph series - 20(2016)Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious, vector-borne viral epizootic disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. For target countries of the Livestock Vaccine Innovation Fund (LVIF), the economic and socio impacts are felt most in India and South Africa, but there is very limited information. It is difficult to make definitive statements about losses, due to concerns regarding differential diagnosis with common diseases. A BTV-8 outbreak in France (2007) was estimated to cost $1.4 billion. Treatment of BT-affected animals involves only nonspecific supportive and nursing care. Despite the major advances in understanding and prevention, a commercial recombinant vaccine against BT remains elusive.Item Bovine babesiosis - disease monograph series - 14(2016)Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease predominantly observed in adult cattle. Without treatment, mortality rates are very high (30% for Babesia bigemina, 70-80% for B. bovis). Tick control, together with drug treatment, are the most widely used strategies in controlling bovine babesiosis in Asia and Africa. Vaccine use is limited due to the complex and risky production process involving live animals, the requirement for a strict cold chain and the need for close veterinary or specialized supervision during administration. The paper presents detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of the disease, as well as current vaccination possibilities.Item Bovine Anaplasmosis - disease monograph series - 09(2016)Bovine Anaplasmosis (BA) is caused by Anaplasma marginale parasite. BA affects cattle and water buffalo in Asia. Several wild ungulate species are also affected and play an important role in the disease epidemiology. Transmission experiments list up to 20 different ticks as capable of transmitting A. marginale. In Eastern and Southern Africa there are more than 80 million animals that are at risk of Anaplasmosis with costs for countries like Tanzania estimated at 48 million USD annually. In India, the disease is one of the top 10 economically important diseases affecting ruminants. The paper discusses disease control, transmission, vaccination strategies, tick control, incidence and prevalence.Item Bovine tuberculosis - disease monograph series - 15(2016)Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial disease of animals and humans caused by Mycobacterium bovis. In many countries it is a major infectious disease of cattle, other domesticated animals, and certain wildlife populations. The vaccine for human TB, the bacilli Calmette–Guerin (BCG), a live attenuated M. bovis strain has been used in cattle and remains the best candidate vaccine in the short to medium term. Field trials for an integrated control of bTB with BCG vaccine should be recommended where conditions are appropriate. The paper presents detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of this disease, as well as current vaccination strategies.Item Sheep and goat pox - disease monograph series - 22(2016)Sheep pox virus (SPV) and Goat pox virus (GPV), along with lumpy skin disease are members of the viral genus Capripoxvirus, in the family Poxviridae. There is a need to increase the vaccination cover to SP and GP in poor livestock communities who depend on small ruminants for their livelihood. With the global "peste des petits ruminants" (PPR) eradication strategy, multivalent vaccines including PPR and SGP vaccine could provide a great opportunity to control sheep and goat pox in regions that otherwise have no access to the vaccines. The paper presents detailed information on incidence, prevalence and etiology, as well as vaccination strategies.Item Porcine cysticercosis - disease monograph series – 06(2016)Cysticercosis is a disease of farmed and wild animals which is caused by the larval stages (metacestodes) of cestodes of the family Taeniidae (tapeworms), the adult stages of which occur in the intestine of humans, dogs or wild Canidae. This monograph provides etiology, incidence, transmission and epidemiological details of the disease as well as vaccine development strategies. The prevalence of T. solium infection varies greatly according to the level of sanitation, pig husbandry practices and eating habits, where smallholder units are particularly at risk. There is very limited understanding concerning the mechanisms underlying the parasite’s high specificity for pigs and humans.Item Lumpy skin disease - disease monograph series 23(2016)New interest in lumpy skin disease (LSD) is due to the risk the disease is posing for Europe. Traditionally restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, it has spread to most African countries, the Middle East and some European countries. Vaccination is used as an effective control strategy for this disease, largely found in cattle. Vaccine research is being developed towards preventing introduction of the disease, rather than the control in endemic regions. LSD has been prioritized as one of 14 diseases that negatively impact on poor livestock keepers. Annual losses to small farmers in Africa due to LSD have been estimated at USD 487 million.Item Peste des petits ruminants - disease monograph series - 02(2016)Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with a few reports of disease outbreak in camels. The standard disease control measures of : quarantine, movement control, sanitary slaughter, and cleaning and disinfection are applied when the disease enters or re-appears in an area. Vaccines are used where the disease is established, and provide good immunity. The virus is susceptible to most disinfectants. The paper covers the etiology, incidence, prevalence and treatments for the disease including immunization. There is a global movement towards eradication of PPR.Item Heartwater - disease monograph series - 11(2016)Heartwater or cowdriosis is specific to cattle, sheep, goats and some wild ruminants, and is prevalent in much of Africa and the Caribbean. Heartwater is considered by some groups as the second most economically important tick-borne disease of livestock in Africa. This monograph investigates and details incidence, prevalence, and prevention of the disease through vaccine development. The paper argues that immunization remains the best option for the control of this important disease.Item Brucellosis - disease monograph series - 21(2016)Brucellosis is mainly transmitted to humans from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and camels through direct contact with blood, placenta, foetuses or uterine secretions, or through consumption of contaminated raw animal products. The most important clinical manifestation in livestock is reproductive failure. Brucellosis is an occupational disease for smallholder farmers, abattoir workers and others in contact with animals. Many countries have achieved control with currently available vaccines. However, they require a solid surveillance program and good veterinary services. In humans, brucella sp. causes a flu-like febrile syndrome. There are no vaccines for humans, and treatment by antibiotics is complex.Item Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - disease monograph series - 03(2016)Vaccines for the prevention of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are very useful but not easily available. Different countries adopt different control measures. For example, Tanzania and Uganda allow treatment, while Kenya and Ethiopia rely on vaccination. The paper presents detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of this infectious disease, as well as current vaccination strategies. Most goat production systems in Africa are an important source of income for women, thus CCPP negatively affects their ability to provide for their children. CCPP prevention and control is undertaken through vaccination, quarantine, slaughter of infected animals and cleaning and disinfection of premises.Item Anthrax - disease monograph series - 16(2016)Anthrax is a peracute, acute or subacute, highly contagious disease of domestic and wild animals and humans, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Between outbreaks, the anthrax bacterium survives in the environment as a highly resistant spore. The general pattern of anthrax in endemic regions is scattered cases on an irregular basis, but with some form of seasonal pattern. Due to successful national programs, there has been a progressive global reduction of the disease in livestock. The paper discusses detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of this disease, as well as current vaccination strategies.Item East coast fever - disease monograph series - 13(2016)The monograph focuses on T. parva and ECF which cause tropical theileriosis. East coast fever (ECF) is considered to be the most economically devastating tick-borne disease of cattle in Africa due to mortality, morbidity and production losses. Indirectly it also impacts other economic aspects, affecting agriculture, mining and commerce, all of which still used ox-drawn transport. The paper presents detailed information on the incidence, prevalence and etiology of the disease, as well as current vaccination possibilities. A new research consortium is working on improvement of the ITM Muguga cocktail (current vaccine) and also new generation vaccines.Item Rift valley fever - disease monograph series – 05(2016)Outbreaks of rift valley fever (RVF) are associated with the simultaneous presence and circulation of the virus by mosquito vectors; mosquito pressure (number of breeding sites and hatching frequency) which is highly dependent on environmental conditions, particularly heavy rainfall events; and the distribution of domestic animal hosts, essentially ruminants vulnerable to the increased vector/host contacts at night. Control strategies that promote the establishment of herd immunity through yearly vaccination in endemic regions can reduce the devastating impact of severe outbreaks. This paper provides etiology, incidence, transmission and epidemiological details of the disease as well as vaccine development strategies.Item Animal African trypaosomosis - disease monograph series - 10(2016)Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) or sleeping sickness affects people and animals [Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) or Nagana] and occurs in 37 sub-Saharan countries covering more than 9 million km2. The infection threatens an estimated 60 million people and 50 million cattle. It can also cause serious losses in pigs, camels, goats, and sheep. There is no vaccine or immunization method to date for AAT. This monograph provides detailed information on the disease, its incidence, prevalence and transmission cycle, including data analysis by country. Integrated control approaches are more effective in controlling AAT.