2007-11-132007-03-222007-11-132005http://hdl.handle.net/10625/26850This paper applies an innovation systems approach to analyse the establishment of the internal combustion engine in the automotive industry and the emergence of hydrogen fuel cells as a possible successor. New wave technologies such as information and communications technologies (ICTS), biotechnology, nanotechnology and hydrogen-based technologies have defining features that differentiate them from earlier industrial technologies: their science-base, patent-intensity and systems embeddedness. “To exaggerate only a bit, current attempts to forestall greener technologies is as if, at the end of the 19th century, we invested in breeding faster horses to compete with the emerging internal combustion engine.”1 digital fileenSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETRANSPORT PLANNINGENGINE FUELSRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUBSTITUTIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHURBAN TRANSPORTMOTOR VEHICLESFUEL CELLSNORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAWorking Paper