Semi-arid regions / Régions semi-arides

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Himalayan adaptation, water and resilience (HI-AWARE) research on glacier and snowpack dependent river basins for improving livelihoods : consortium report 2018
(2018-05-09) Wester, Philippus; Shrestha, Arun; Prakash, Anjal; Bhadwal, Suruchi; Syed, Abu; Biemans, Hester; Ahmad, Bashir
The research promotes evidence-based innovative adaptation approaches and practices. Three pilot initiatives focused on: a solar powered irrigation pump; eco-san toilets; and flood resistant housing. This detailed report outlines activities, outcomes and outputs of the project including dissemination of research. The aim is to improve policies and practices that help vulnerable populations adapt to climate change, and to enhance adaptive capacities and climate resilience of vulnerable groups in the mountains and plains of glacier and snowpack-dependent river basins of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH).
Communicating climate change for adaptation : challenges, successes and future priorities : information brief
(Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR), 2016-07-08) Lumosi, Caroline; McGahey, Daniel; Harvey, Blane; Hoffman, Tali
Framing climate change messages in line with local contexts is crucial and greatly improves their effectiveness. Aside from the limitations of resource availability, adaptive capacity largely depends on the extent to which problems are understood, knowledge is accessible to vulnerable groups and policy makers, and adaptive responses are recognised and available. Power relations, gender roles, gender equality, and access to resources strongly influence whether and how vulnerable communities access climate information. Dialogue and public engagement can both enhance the understanding of climate change and encourage behavioural change. The policy brief focuses on communication strategies.
Key findings from ASSAR's regional diagnostic study & initial research : Bangalore sub-region, Karnataka : information brief
(Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR), 2016-03-30)
This brief presents broad insights from the Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) Regional Diagnostic Study (RDS) and initial research in Bangalore. The urbanisation trends and structural changes observed in Bangalore are typical of many cities in India. Ironically, urbanisation is considered a remedy for a host of developmental issues (poverty, inequality and livelihood concerns). Recent evidence suggests this is seldom the case. Water scarcity is a key challenge in Bangalore. Along with other socio-economic vulnerabilities, it leads to accumulated risks over time. Governance responses to critical vulnerabilities are fragmented, making coordination across different agencies and scales challenging.
Climate induced rural-to-urban migration in Pakistan
(SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2016-01-18) Saeed, Fahad; Majeed Salik, Kashif; Ishfaq, Sadia
The development deficit in Pakistan’s rural semi-arid areas, paralleled by higher investments in urban centres, together lure potential migrants from rural areas to urban settlements. Rural poverty in Pakistan is widespread but more pronounced in arid and semi-arid zones. Study findings indicate that climate change acts in combination with many other socioeconomic determinants of migration. Migratory decisions may be taken to escape from losses in rural incomes, which are variably intensified by climatic stress. The paper analyzes climate-induced internal migration in a developing country that is largely semi-arid and faces development challenges of urbanisation, rural poverty, and associated agricultural decline.
Gestion des risques climatiques
(PRESA Promouvoir la Resilience des Economies en zone Semi-Arides, 2015-08-27) Wade, Tidiane; Toure, Oussouby; Diop, Mamadou
Dynamics analysis and factors in landscape units’ evolution in Senegal River delta ecosystems
(SCIENCE DOMAIN international, 2016-07-31) Aissatou Toure, Mame; Lamine Ndiay, Mamadou; Boukhaly Traore, Vieux; Faye, Guilgane; Cisse, Boubacar; Ndiaye, Aminata; Wade, Tidiane; Lupo, Anthony R.
This study analyzes the relationship between land use units and natural and anthropogenic factors of the Senegal River delta. Remote sensing and GIS data, Landsat images (1977, 1988, 1999, 2006, 2014) show an expansion rate of vegetation cover (64%) crop areas (6.77%), surface water (4%) and regression of salted areas (74.69%) and dune (15.62%) between 1977 and 2014. Increases are due mainly to irrigation schemes, population growth, protection policies and conservation of natural resources. Regressions are related to the development of the agricultural sector and the importance of rainfall-limiting biophysical processes. The article analyzes the data.
Enabling private sector adaptation in developing countries and their semi-arid regions – case studies of Senegal and Kenya
(PRISE Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2016-12-16) Crick, Florence; Diop, Mamadou; Sow, Momadou; Diouf, Birame; Diouf, Babacar; Muhwanga, Joseph; Dajani, Muna; Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
The private sector plays a critical role in contributing to developing countries’ growth and development efforts and is increasingly recognised as a key actor in climate change resilience activities. This detailed paper addresses gaps in climate adaptation literature by reviewing factors required to provide an enabling environment for the private sector, with a focus on adaptation by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the semi-arid regions (SARs) of Kenya and Senegal. The identification of misalignments within existing regulatory frameworks and policies can lead to revisions and improvements in policy making. Greater targeting of support and training services will help SMEs implement adaptation measures.
État des lieux des liens entre migration, transferts et résilience au changement climatique au Sénégal
(PRISE pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2017-05) Wade, Tidiane; Dime, Mamadou; Tandian, Aly; Soumelong Ehode, Lancelot
Future heatwaves in Pakistan under IPCC’s AR5 climate change scenario
(Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2015-11-19) Saeed, Fahad; Qaiyum Suleri, Abid
This paper uses data from three Regional Climate Models (RCMs) to present a projection of future heatwaves in Pakistan. Section 2 provides the details of Data and Methodology, followed by a Results section. Section 4 presents critical analysis of the 2015 heatwave in Pakistan, followed by Recommendations. Results of the modelling show increase in heatwaves to be most pronounced over the Punjab plains. The study explains the worst heatwave in Pakistan (2015), which combined with high humidity created ‘felt’ temperatures as high as 50°C.
Geography, institutions and development : a review of the long-run impacts of climate change
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2016-05-20) Castells-Quintana, David; del Pilar Lopez-Uribe, Maria; McDermott, Thomas K.J.
The paper reviews potential effects of climate change on the prospects for long term economic development. These effects might operate directly via the role of geography (including climate) as a fundamental determinant of relative prosperity, or indirectly, by modifying the environmental context in which political and economic institutions evolve. It considers potential mechanisms from climate change on long-run economic development that have been relatively neglected, including for instance the effects on income distribution and political power. Section 3 focuses on indirect effects, beginning with the role of institutions in the process of development.
AGRIDAPE : faire face aux risques climatiques
(PRESA Promouvoir la rérilience des économies en zone Semi-Arides, 2015-05-04) Gubbels, Peter; Petersen, Paulo; Marcal da Silveira, Luciano; Galvao Freire, Adriana; Gopal, KS; Thoto, Fréjus; Houessou, Donald; Bakhoum, Charles; Fall, Mamadou; Legay, Christian; Souleye, Mohamadou; Meutchieye, Félix; Fokam Miantsa, Oliver; Neigha Augustin, Djiaguo; Ouédraogo, Mathieu
Investissements et répartition des ressources en eau au Burkina Faso : étude préliminaire sur l’arbitrage urbain-rural
(Overseas Development Institute (ODI), 2015-11-11) Newborne, Peter
Misfortunes never come singly : structural change, multiple shocks and child malnutirition in rural Senegal
(PRISE Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2016-12-15) Lazzaroni, Sara; Wagner, Natascha
The proverb ‘misfortunes never come singly’ suggests that adverse events are connected, and that their impact is made worse because they happen together. The research examines effects of multiple shocks on child weight and height, using a novel dataset of children living in poor households in rural Senegal. The exposure of poor households to multiple and reinforcing shocks undermines their ability to escape from poverty traps. Climate risks and shocks therefore need to be considered in combination with other economic, biological and health shocks when designing development interventions and programmes for child health and nutrition.
Misfortunes never come singly structural change, multiple shocks and child malnutrition in rural Senegal Journal
(2016-10-21) Lazzaroni, Sara; Wagner, Natascha
This study considers factors of rising purchase prices and droughts; the two most pronounced shocks Senegalese subsistence farmers struggle with. The research assesses their relationship to child health, in a ‘multi-shock’ approach to account for concomitance of adverse events from the natural, biological, economic and health spheres. The 2011 droughts and increased prices explain up to 44% and 21% respectively, of the standard deviation of child health. The concomitance of droughts and increased prices after implementation of the Nutrition Enhancement Program, indicates that the health of children experiencing both types of shocks has improved.
Natural capital endowment and dynamics of the changing climate in arid and semi-arid lands : experiences from Africa and Asia
(PRISE Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2015-12-21) Mabhuye, Edmund; Yanda, Pius; Maganga, Faustin; Liwenga, Emma; Kateka, Adolphine; Henku, Abdallah; Malik, Nico; Bavo, Cynthia
This working paper focuses on land use; ecosystems and livelihoods; natural capital endowment; and drivers of change. A review of current research and literature analyzes the endowment framework underlying natural resource management, along with drivers of degradation, which include natural processes and climate change disasters. It assesses policy frameworks that embed human action in the degradation and management of natural resources in ASALs. Additionally, it analyses the effectiveness of pastoralism in managing resources in harsh and unpredictable environments.
Perceptions of climate variability, current exposure of households to shocks and coping in semi-arid lands : a case study from the Central Plateau region in Burkina Faso
(PRISE Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies, 2015-11-09) Hartwig, Renate
Household characteristics and capacities need to be taken into account when designing adaptation and safety net mechanisms aimed at reducing vulnerability to climate change. This analysis shows that households in the study area are aware of changing climate and are concerned about increasing dryness affecting agricultural production, livestock and health. However, it also revealed that the most frequent shocks to households are health-related, followed by environmental impacts. The paper uses mathematical modelling to weigh factors of vulnerability.
Resilience, equity and growth in semi-arid economies a research agenda
(PRISE Pathways to resilience tin semi-arid economies, 2016-09-13) Jobbins, Guy; Conway, Declan; Fankhauser, Sam; Gueye, Bara; Liwenga, Emma; Ludi, Eva; Mitchell, Tom; Mountfort, Helen; Suleri, Abid
The research considers what ‘fast, fair and resilient growth’ means in the context of rapidly changing socioeconomic and environmental systems in drylands. It examines five recurring issues: difficult geography; weak institutions; poor access to markets and trade; deficits in infrastructure and human capital; and low productivity. Pathways to Resilience in Semi-Arid Economies (PRISE) research focuses on pathways for investment and development that can unlock rapid economic growth, poverty reduction and climate resilience simultaneously in semi-arid lands (SALs). PRISE’s theory of change extends to policy and practice, focusing on businesses, investors, and policymakers in ministries of finance, economics and national development.
Socio-economic and cultural factors of violence against women in Pakistan
(Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2016-08-24) Qaisrani, Ayesha; Liaquat, Sadaf; Khokhar, Elishma Noel
This study discusses the socio-economic, cultural, religious and institutional factors that sustain abuse of women. A qualitative approach has been adopted to understand the power-dynamics that prevail at different levels of society in order to draw out perspectives from a wide variety of stakeholders. The locale of the study is the provinces of Punjab (Lahore, Multan, and Khanewal) and Sindh (Karachi, Sukkur, and Hyderabad). The study shows that women face direct, cultural and structural violence through a deeply entrenched system of patriarchy at all tiers of public and private life. The most fundamental challenge women are faced with in Pakistan is violence.
Stratégies d’adaptation du secteur privé : quel début de réponse des PME en zones semi-arides du Sénégal ?
(PRESA Promouvoir la Résilience des Économies en zones Semi-Arides, 2017-07) Diop, Mamadou; Diouf, Birame; Diouf, Babacar; Crick, Florence; Gannon, Kate Elizabeth
Trade-offs for climate-resilient pastoral livelihoods in wildlife conservancies in the Mara Ecosystem, Kenya
(Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies (PRISE), 2016-06) Bedelian, Claire; Ogutu, Joseph O.
This paper investigates the ability of wildlife conservancies in the Mara, Kenya to act as an alternative for pastoralists in mitigating risks and maintaining resilience in a changing climate. Conservancies can integrate with and contribute to pastoralist livelihoods. The report weighs trade-offs for pastoralists as they work with conservancies to mitigate climate change amid pressures on ecosystem resources. Findings show that conservancy payments provide important, reliable year-round income and prevent households from having to sell livestock during stressful periods. They also retain grass banks during the dry season for continued access to forage. However, among other drawbacks, they reduce access to large areas of former grazing lands.

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