Konsumsi rokok rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia dan penyusunan agenda kebijakannya
Date
2012
Journal Title
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Publisher
Pusat Kebijakan dan Manajemen Kesehatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, ID
Abstract
Background: The number of smokers in Indonesia is ranked third in the world and the highest in ASEAN. The estimated number of deaths due to smoke from the 2004 Susenas data was 399,800 people equivalent to total economic loss of IDR 154.84 trillion (U.S. $ 17.2 billion), or 4.5 times as much as the tax equivalents in 2005 (IDR 32.6 trillion). Indonesia has not yet ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) but has issued various regulations related to tobacco control and the dangers of smoking. Cigarette consumption by poor households is high enough. This affects not only the consumption patterns of the households but also the health of the family. Objective: To obtain a description of poor households’ health cost burden, patterns and factors that affect cigarette consumption by poor households in Indonesia in 2007 and to set the agenda of public health protection policies of the dangers of smoking. Methods: The data used were the secondary data from the study of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) conducted in 2007 covering 13 provinces, 13,995 households and 50,580 individual samples. Results and Discussion: A total of 35.71% of poor households had a habit of smoking, and the types of cigarettes were factory-made cigarettes and home-made cigarettes (81.81% and 29.19%, respectively). The average cigarettes consumed were 9.72 bars per day. The average age of initiating to smoke was 18.89 years and 93.20% of poor households were still smoking up to this survey. Compared to the total expenditure of poor households, the average expenditure of cigarettes a month was IDR 86,496.96 (13.13%), while health expenditure was only IDR 7,440.87 (1.13%). The low expenditure on health, among others, were due to the presence of Jamkesmas that covered 51.48%. Cigarette demand model with multiple regression analysis showed that the price of cigarettes, per capita expenditure, food expenditure, and the age of initial smoking affected cigarette consumption. Conclusions and suggestions: To make the policy of public protection on the dangers of smoking effective, the government should immediately formulate policy agendas: 1) increase cigarette tax as high as 50% of the price of cigarettes, 2) regulate restrictions on smoking areas in public places, 3) promote and campaign the dangers of smoking to health, especially for adolescents, including restrictions on cigarette advertising on various media 4) continue policy for cigarette tax revenue in all regions and increase allocation of funds for health, 5) facilitate the development of nicotine replacement treatments and make people easier to get the products, and 6) initiate to develop a Jamkesmas discourse that requires the poor households to maintain their health care such as not to smoke. It needs to further develop the understanding on public protection policy agenda against the dangers of smoking that consists of perceiving public problem, defining the problem and raising support for making this public issue become the the government agenda.
Description
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Journal Article (peer-reviewed)
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Text
Keywords
INDONESIA, TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY, TOBACCO INDUSTRY, LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, PUBLIC HEALTH, CONSUMPTION TAX
Citation
Suryawati, C., Ratna Kartikawulan, L., & Hariyadi, K. (2012). Konsumsi rokok rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia dan penyusunan agenda kebijakannya. Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 1(2): 69-76.