Gouvernance des réseaux de politique publique : le cas du programme VIH en Haïti
Date
2011
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Abstract
Cette thèse concerne la gouvernance des réseaux de politique publique. Elle cherche à
mieux comprendre le phénomène par l’analyse des caractéristiques du réseau d’acteurs
impliqués, les défis qui se posent relativement au processus de gouverne, et l’influence qui
en résulte pour les interventions. Le cadre d’analyse s’appuie essentiellement sur deux
théories de la sociologie des organisations, en l’occurrence la théorie de l’acteur stratégique
(Crozier et Friedberg 1977), et la théorie des réseaux de politique publique (Rhodes 1997).
Il s’agit d’une étude de cas portant sur le programme VIH/Sida en Haïti, celui-ci étant
documenté à partir de données d’entretiens, d’observations et de groupes de discussion. Les
résultats de la recherche sont structurés en quatre articles.
Le premier article rend compte de l’étape préliminaire, mais non moins importante, de la
recherche, c’est-à-dire le travail de terrain. Il présente les défis méthodologiques et éthiques
inhérents à la rencontre entre chercheur et participants pour la coconstruction des savoirs,
notamment dans le contexte de la recherche en santé mondiale.
Le deuxième article analyse les caractéristiques du réseau d’acteurs et montre la nécessité
de prendre en compte les attributs propres des acteurs en plus de la structure de leurs
interactions pour comprendre la gouvernance des réseaux de politique publique. La plupart
des analyses, surtout celles s’appuyant sur l’approche réseau, cherchent à comprendre
comment la structure des relations entre les acteurs influence la gouverne, le contenu ou les
résultats de politiques. Or, dans le cas du programme VIH en Haïti, il apparaît que ce sont
en réalité les attributs des acteurs en termes de ressources et de pouvoir, qui orientent leurs
interactions avec les autres acteurs.
Le troisième article présente un cadre d’analyse et illustre, à partir de celui-ci, l’influence
des outils et des structures, ainsi que du contexte sociopolitique et économique sur la
gouvernance du programme VIH/Sida en Haïti. Il argumente ensuite sur les défis que cela
pose à la coordination des interventions et à la mise en place des relations de partenariat
au sein du réseau d’acteurs.
Le quatrième article se penche sur l’émergence de besoins nouveaux chez les personnes
vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) et met en lumière la faiblesse des processus de planification à
les cibler. Il renouvelle l’intérêt de l’approche participative, notamment dans le contexte
des pays en développement, où il devient crucial d’adapter les interventions au contexte
local en utilisant le potentiel et les ressources des communautés.
L’étude a donc permis de montrer : 1) les liens qui existent entre les attributs des acteurs, la
configuration particulière de leurs interactions et le processus de gouverne; 2) les défis qui
résultent de l’influence des outils et structures mis en place, ainsi que des facteurs
socioéconomiques et politiques sur le processus de gouverne, et enfin; 3) le lien qui existe
entre le mode de gouvernance – via la participation - et la prise en compte des besoins
émergents des PVVIH.
This thesis focuses on the governance of public policy networks. It seeks to better understand the phenomenon through the analysis of characteristics of the network of actors involved, the challenges with respect to the governance process, and the resulting influence for interventions. The framework of analysis builds on two main theories of the sociology of organizations, namely the theory of strategic actor (Crozier and Friedberg 1977) and the theory of public policy networks (Rhodes 1997). This is about a case study of HIV/AIDS program in Haïti, documented using data from interviews, observations and focus groups. The research results are organized in four articles. The first article shows the preliminary, but nonetheless important stage for research, that is, the fieldwork. It presents the methodological and ethical challenges inherent in the meeting between researcher and participants for the co-construction of knowledge, particularly in the context of international health research. The second article analyzes the characteristics of the network of actors and shows the need to take into account the specific attributes of actors in addition to the structure of their interactions in understanding the governance of policy networks. Most studies on policy network, particularly those using the network approach, seek to understand how the structure of actors’ interrelations influences governance, contents or results of policies. However, in the case of HIV program in Haiti, it appears that it is the attributes of actors in terms of resources and power that shape their interactions with other actors. The third article presents an analytical framework and shows the influence of tools and structures, as well as socio-political and economic contexts on the governance of the HIV / AIDS program in Haiti. It then argues on the challenges that this poses for the coordination of interventions and the establishment of partnerships within the network of actors. The fourth article shows the emergence of new needs in people living with HIV (PLHIV), and highlights the weakness of the planning process to target them. It renews the interest of the participatory approach, particularly in the context of developing countries, where it has become crucial to tailor interventions to local context by using the potential and resources of communities. The study has allowed us to show: 1) the relationship between the attributes of actors, the specific configuration of their interactions and the process of governance; 2) the challenges resulting from the influence of tools and structures erected, as well as socioeconomic and political factors, on the governance process, and finally; 3) the relationship between mode of governance - through participation - and accounting for emerging needs of PLHIV.
This thesis focuses on the governance of public policy networks. It seeks to better understand the phenomenon through the analysis of characteristics of the network of actors involved, the challenges with respect to the governance process, and the resulting influence for interventions. The framework of analysis builds on two main theories of the sociology of organizations, namely the theory of strategic actor (Crozier and Friedberg 1977) and the theory of public policy networks (Rhodes 1997). This is about a case study of HIV/AIDS program in Haïti, documented using data from interviews, observations and focus groups. The research results are organized in four articles. The first article shows the preliminary, but nonetheless important stage for research, that is, the fieldwork. It presents the methodological and ethical challenges inherent in the meeting between researcher and participants for the co-construction of knowledge, particularly in the context of international health research. The second article analyzes the characteristics of the network of actors and shows the need to take into account the specific attributes of actors in addition to the structure of their interactions in understanding the governance of policy networks. Most studies on policy network, particularly those using the network approach, seek to understand how the structure of actors’ interrelations influences governance, contents or results of policies. However, in the case of HIV program in Haiti, it appears that it is the attributes of actors in terms of resources and power that shape their interactions with other actors. The third article presents an analytical framework and shows the influence of tools and structures, as well as socio-political and economic contexts on the governance of the HIV / AIDS program in Haiti. It then argues on the challenges that this poses for the coordination of interventions and the establishment of partnerships within the network of actors. The fourth article shows the emergence of new needs in people living with HIV (PLHIV), and highlights the weakness of the planning process to target them. It renews the interest of the participatory approach, particularly in the context of developing countries, where it has become crucial to tailor interventions to local context by using the potential and resources of communities. The study has allowed us to show: 1) the relationship between the attributes of actors, the specific configuration of their interactions and the process of governance; 2) the challenges resulting from the influence of tools and structures erected, as well as socioeconomic and political factors, on the governance process, and finally; 3) the relationship between mode of governance - through participation - and accounting for emerging needs of PLHIV.
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Keywords
GOUVERNANCE, RESEAUX DE POLITIQUE PUBLIQUE, PROGRAMME VIH, HAITI, ETUDES DE CAS, GOVERNANCE, POLICY NETWORKS, HIV PROGRAM, HAITI, CASE STUDIES, PARTICIPATION POPULAIRE, SOCIETE CIVILE, APPROPRIATION DES PROGRAMMES, ELABORATION D'UNE POLITIQUE, CREATION D'INSTITUTIONS, SANTE PUBLIQUE