Helping fishing communities manage their resources / Aider les collectivités de pêcheurs à gérer leurs ressources

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    Recursos alimentares vegetais em duas comunidades caiçaras no sudeste do Brasil : discutindo modos de vida e segurança alimentar
    (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012) Giraldi, Mariana
    Giraldi, Mariana. Msc. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Fevereiro, 2012. Recursos alimentares vegetais em duas comunidades caiçaras no sudeste do Brasil: discutindo modos de vida e segurança alimentar. Natalia Hanazaki; Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque. Mudanças em modos de vida têm sido observadas entre os caiçaras, no litoral sudeste do Brasil, trazendo reflexos no uso de plantas alimentícias coletadas e cultivadas em fragmentos da Mata Atlântica. A agricultura em pequena escala e o extrativismo vegetal têm dividido espaço com processos de urbanização, turismo e conservação da natureza, configurando diferentes realidades quanto à segurança alimentar e nutricional dessas populações. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se explorar a relação entre modos de vida e segurança alimentar em duas comunidades caiçaras de Paraty, RJ, numa perspectiva etnobotânica. Os métodos usados para a coleta de dados incluíram lista livre, recall 24 horas e análise de despensa, sendo visitadas 21 unidades familiares em Ponta Negra e 43 na Ilha do Araújo. Foram identificadas as atividades de subsistência que geram recursos alimentares e financeiros; registrada a riqueza de plantas alimentícias coletadas e cultivadas localmente e os ambientes de obtenção das mesmas; avaliada a proporção de recursos vegetais locais na dieta das famílias; e verificados contrastes quanto ao consumo de alimentos entre verão e inverno. Atividades geradoras de alimentos contribuem para a segurança alimentar especialmente em Ponta Negra, comunidade com maior grau de isolamento geográfico e menor renda mensal familiar quando comparada a Ilha do Araújo. A riqueza total foi de 134 plantas alimentícias, obtidas principalmente em quintais, com destaque para frutas e temperos. A contribuição de plantas alimentícias na dieta caiçara de PN foi 8,6% das citações de itens alimentares e na IA foi 6,3%. Diferenças significativas quanto à composição da dieta entre as estações não foram constatadas nesta pesquisa, indicando que não existem períodos críticos para a insegurança alimentar. Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a importância da obtenção de alimentos no meio ambiente, contribuindo para a segurança alimentar.
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    Livelihoods and gender : a case study on the coast of Southeastern Brazil
    (Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 2011) Carpenter, Lydia
    This research explores the gendered intra-household livelihood dynamics of one coastal community in Paraty, Brazil. Exploring gender in the livelihoods context addresses the social context of gender roles and relations as they relate to small-scale agriculture, artisanal fishing, tourism and the larger livelihoods picture in one community. Project objectives included: 1) To examine how people in a small coastal community make their livelihood, 2) To analyze the influence of gender roles and relations and the division of labour in livelihood activities and on gender effects within the household or family unit, and 3) To explore prospects for future livelihood diversification sensitive to the influence of gender. Results show that individual and household livelihood portfolios are diverse and are highly dependent on the natural resource base. Gender relations and bargaining power depended on the diversity and type of livelihood activities practiced at the household and on an individual levels.
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    Manejo da paisagem por populações litorâneas e conservação da agrobiodiversidade
    (Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2011) Altafin Cavechia, Laura; Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
    A partir do Holoceno, populações humanas com estilo de vida de caçadores e coletores passaram gradativamente se constituir em comunidades sedentárias cada vez mais complexas. Diante dessa realidade, inicia-se o desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo cada vez mais elaboradas e adaptadas ao meio natural em que essas populações estavam inseridas. A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) passou a ser um importante recurso tendo histórico de uso iniciado nas terras baixas da América do Sul. Seu manejo está associado ao sistema milenar de agricultura itinerante, que ainda está presente em comunidades ao longo da costa litorânea do Brasil. Sabe-se da importância do manejo dado à mandioca o qual resulta na conservação e até mesmo no aumento da diversidade intraespecífica, assim como consequentes transformações na paisagem local. Diante disso, o estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar e analisar como a agricultura itinerante exerce influência tanto na estrutura da composição da paisagem de restinga local como na diversidade intraespecífica de mandioca em comunidades litorâneas em dois estados brasileiros. A área de estudo se limitou às comunidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro, no município de Paraty como no estado de Santa Catarina, no município de Imbituba. Durante a coleta de dados, foram utilizados métodos ecológicos e etnobiológicos como estratégia que combinasse dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Dentre os informantes chave em cada região, foi possível identificar as etnovariedades que atualmente estão sendo utilizadas, assim como compreender a importância não só do manejo, mas da rede social estabelecida entre eles. A estrutura em redes de trocas de variedades favorece a manutenção e amplificação das diferentes variedades locais. Em relação às diferenças no tipo de manejo desse sistema quanto ao período de pousio das áreas de uso, se infere diferentes transformações da paisagem, segundo composição e estrutura da vegetação local de restinga. Por fim, observa-se que as problemáticas encontradas quanto à continuidade das práticas desse sistema agrícola aproximam as duas regiões de estudo, inclusive quanto às ameaças a diversidade das etnovariedades de mandioca estudadas. Com isso, vê-se a importância de compreender o contexto histórico e cultural dos locais de cultivo e também de analisar os processos ecológicos que estão ocorrendo dentro das comunidades e na paisagem, a qual é resultado dessa interação homem e meio natural.
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    Fishers (Paraty, RJ) and fish manipulation time : a variable associated to the choice for consumption and sale
    (Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, 2012-11) Begossi, A.,; Salivonchyk, S.V.,; Hanazaki, N.,; Martins, I.M.,; Bueloni, F.
    When bones need to be removed from fish, especially when caring for children eating the fish, time is taken up to manipulate their food. The type of fish chosen by fishermen’s families is important because there is a dilemma between consuming or selling the catch; target species are often concentrated on commercial fish; and management processes often include periods where fishing is not allowed for some species, having potential impacts in the food security and nutrition of families. Fish manipulation time could also be a deciding factor in food choices and food security.
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    Paraty artisanal fishery (Southeastern Brazilian coast) : ethnoecology and management of a social-ecological system (SES)
    (BioMed Central, 2012-06) Begossi, Alpina; Salyvonchyk, Svetlana; Nora, Vinicius; Lopes, Priscila F.; Silvano, Renato A.M.
    This analysis evaluates trade-offs fishermen consider when navigating different activities from fishing to tourism, while accepting the importance of biodiversity conservation. Adding salary from the defeso to tourism earnings could encourage fishermen to restrict their fishing activities in the summer, allowing stock to recover. The defeso system compensates fishermen for not fishing certain species during their respective reproductive periods. SES models permit the discrimination of variables related to the Paraty artisanal fishery and their links to the social-ecological system (SES), its economic importance for local livelihoods, the constraints from conservation measures that affect fishermen, and existing management processes such as the defeso.
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    Small-scale Fisheries and Conservation of Dusky Grouper (Garoupa), Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) in the Southeastern Brazilian Coast
    (Science Journal Publication, 2012) Begossi, Alpina; Salivonchyk, Svetlana V.; Barreto, Tainá; Nora, Vinicius; Silvano, Renato A.M.
    The dusky grouper (garoupa), Epinephelus marginatus, is highly valued in Brazil as a commercial fish species harvested by small-scale fishermen. This protogynous and slow-growing species is caught at immature stages by fishermen. We propose urgent conservation measures, including compensatory arrangements, to encourage fishermen to conserve this species. Closed fishing seasons associated with compensatory arrangements could help towards the conservation of this highly threatened fish, which has been ignored in current management measures in Brazil.
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    Ecologia de Pescadores Artesanais da Baía de Ilha Grande
    (2009) Begossi, Alpina; Lopes, Priscila F; de Oliveira, Luiz Eduardo C
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    Collaborative coastal management in Brazil : accomplishments, opportunities and challenges
    (2011-06) Seixas, Cristiana; Davidson-Hun, I; Kalikoski, Daniela; Davy, B; Berkes, F
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    Imagens de Paraty, Brasil
    (2011) Giesbrecht, Dale J
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    Artisanal fishers' perceptions about top-down management transcend boundaries: commonalities between SE Brazil and coastal Uruguay
    (2010-10) Eduardo Chimello de Oliveira, Luiz; Trimble, Micaela; Fabiana Macedo Lopes, Priscila; Begossi, Alpina
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    Small-scale Fisher Livelihood Strategies and the Role of Credit In Paraty, Brazil
    (2011) Giesbrecht, Dale J; Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba
    The Municipality of Paraty is home to dozens of small coastal communities, many of which depend highly on the land and sea for their livelihood. Small-scale fishers were the focus of the research and the communities of Tarituba, Praia Grande and Paraty were chosen as the study areas due to their high concentrations of fishers. The livelihood strategies of many fishers in the region have been constrained, due to the lack of credit for investment in higher forms of capital such as fishing gear, larger boats and ones capable of tourism transport. For many fishers, this has led to economic vulnerability. In order to raise incomes and fishing production, fisheries credit programs have been introduced in Brazil and utilized in Paraty to support investments among small-scale fishers. The research was conducted in the municipality of Paraty, within Rio de Janeiro State with the following objectives: (1) To determine the challenges that small-scale fishers face in terms of income generation; (2) To determine the livelihood strategies that fishers employ to decrease their economic vulnerability; (3) To establish how credit is used as part of the livelihood strategies of fishers; (4) To establish the supply and demand side challenges of credit provision; and (5) To offer recommendations that would improve credit outreach for fishers as well as foster sustainable fisheries management. Interviews were conducted in three fishing communities with full-time fishers, fish market owners, the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Agriculture (PRONAF) department of the Bank of Brazil and the fishers’ association. The livelihood strategies of fishers were closely related with economic vulnerability of the household. The more vulnerable fishers took part in strategies such as alternative marketing, which were based on an immediate need for income, versus the opportunistic strategies such as tourism development, which maintained great potential for those with physical and financial capital in the form of boats and gear and access to fisheries loans. Fishers relied on credit for important livelihood related purchases, such as fishing gear, and boats; however, economically vulnerable fishers have experienced challenges obtaining loans. The demand for loans has not been met for the most economically vulnerable fishers, leading to constrained livelihood opportunities. Loans from government programs and fish markets have become increasingly inaccessible to economically vulnerable fishers. In additional, the Bank of Brazil’s fisheries program PRONAF has become largely dysfunctional for small-scale fisheries in Paraty, due to its inappropriate guarantee system, excessive bureaucracy, high default rates, and its focus on fishers with higher incomes. The culture of self-sufficiency among fishers along this coast combined with sparse but good informal lending practices has led to the responsible use of credit, with low debt loads among households and low interest rates on loans. For this reason, credit should be made more available for emergency asset repairs and replacement, and for investment in fishing boats capable of tourism activities. Fisheries and credit policies should consider livelihood opportunities, not solely fisheries development. In addition, they must take into account changes in the regional economy, from a natural resource base to service based economy. Paraty requires a multi-sector lender that operates under microcredit principles with an NGO partnership that may facilitate more effective and efficient bureaucracy, social guarantee systems, greater technical support and increased follow up. In order to address poverty and support fisheries, government programs must focus on supporting economically vulnerable fishers.
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    Compensation for environmental services from artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil: Policy and technical strategies
    (Elsevier, Netherlands, 2011-09) Begossi, Alpina; May, Peter H; Lopes, Priscila F; Oliveira, Luiz E C; da Vinha, Valéria
    Artisanal fisheries are of great importance in Brazil, as they are responsible for more than 50% of national fish production. This importance, associated with the necessity of conserving marine environments threatened by multiple competing uses, leads us to propose mechanisms for co-management of fisheries by users and public authorities. This proposal takes into account: a) local conflicts between artisanal and industrial fishers; b) local rules over the use of fishing areas established by artisanal fishers; c) the advent of protected areas that close access to some fishing areas used by artisanal fisheries; and d) co-management options being explored between government and fishers. This study suggests policy and technical alternatives under consideration to manage the artisanal fisheries of southeastern Brazil with a focus on Ilha Grande bay in Rio de Janeiro. In our case study, based on field research conducted in 2009, we show that artisanal fishers are squeezed into a marine space between protected areas and industrial fishing. We suggest that a combination of fishing agreements (FAs), based on experience in Amazonian fisheries and extractive reserves, and payment for environmental services (PES), based on forest and related water resource experience, could improve management and livelihoods for local artisanal fisheries by stimulating and rewarding fishers who participate in conservation efforts. The two instruments (FAs and PES) are the subject of considerable research and practical experience. Their integration in an instrument mix represents a contribution from transdisciplinary fields of human ecology and ecological economics.
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    O cerco flutuante e os caiçaras do litoral norte de São Paulo, com ênfase à pesca de trindade, RJ
    (Asociación Interciencia, Venezuela, 2011-11) Begossi, Alpina
    O cerco flutuante, armadilha fixa de pesca, é utilizado por caiçaras do litoral sudeste do Brasil na pesca artesanal. Essa técnica faz parte de um conjunto de influências históricas que formou a cultura caiçara e foi trazida para o Brasil pelos japoneses no inicio do século passado. A pesca com cerco flutuante ocorre em Trindade, litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, dentre outras formas de pesca, como a rede de espera, linha, zangarelho e bate-bate. Durante nove meses foi acompanhado o desembarque esqueiro em dois pontos em Trindade, RJ, na Praia do Meio e Rancho. Os resultados de 112 viagens mostram que 70 delas (63%) foram realizadas em visitas aos cercos, capturando 1973kg de pescado e 35 espécies e/ou grupo de espécies. A importância da pesca artesanal caiçara, mantendo a diversidade de venda e consumo, assim como a participação dos caiçaras em processos de manejo são aspectos importantes no sentido de encaminhar processos de conservação no litoral.