RITC Research Results / Résultats de recherches du RMCT

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    Fundamentals of research and action in food systems for the prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCCD) : a scoping review
    (IDRC / Universidad del Valle, 2018) Mendez, Fabian; Suarez, Fabian; Alarcon, Selene
    This scoping review aims to characteerize the research and actions on food systems for the prevention of NCCD. Additionally, it aims to analyse coincidences, differences and possible synergies with Ecohealth principles. The purpose of this analysis is to contribute to the strengthening of research methodolodies and strategies for FS and to build a common mobilization and intervention agenda in this topic.
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    Fundamentos de la investigación y acción en sistemas alimentarios para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) : una revisión exploratoria
    (IDRC / Universidad del Valle, 2018) Mendez, Fabian; Suarez, Fabian; Alarcon, Selene
    Esta revisión exploratoria tiene como objetivo caracterizar la investigación y la acción en los sistemas alimentarios para la prevención de ECNT. Adicionalmente, pretende analizar las coincidencias, diferencias y posibles sinergias con los principios del enfoque de Ecosalud. A partir de este análisis se tiene el propósito de contribuir al fortalecimiento de las metodologías y estrategias de investigación y construir una agenda común de movilización e intervención para los sistemas alimentarios.
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    Smoking cessation medications and cigarettes in Guatemala pharmacies
    (BMJ, 2011-06) Viteri, Ernesto; Barnoya, Joaquin; Suchanek Hudmon, Karen; Solorzano, Pedro J.
    Background Guatemala, a party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), is obliged to promote the wider availability of smoking cessation treatment and to restrict tobacco advertising. Pharmacies are fundamental in providing smoking cessation medications but also might increase the availability of cigarettes. Purpose To assess availability of cessation medications and cigarettes and their corresponding advertising in Guatemala pharmacies. Methods In Guatemala City a representative sample was selected from a list of registered pharmacies classified by type (non-profit, chain, independent). In addition, all pharmacies in the neighbouring town of Antigua were included for comparison. Trained surveyors used a checklist to characterise each pharmacy with respect to availability and advertising of cessation medications and cigarettes. Results A total of 505 pharmacies were evaluated. Cessation medications were available in 115 (22.8%), while cigarettes were available in 29 (5.7%) pharmacies. When available, medications were advertised in 1.7% (2) and cigarettes in 72.4% (21) of pharmacies. Chain pharmacies were significantly more likely to sell cessation medications and cigarettes, and to advertise cigarettes than were non-profit and independent pharmacies. Conclusion Most pharmacies in Guatemala do not stock cessation medications or cigarettes. Cigarette advertising was more prevalent than advertising for cessation medications. FCTC provisions have not been implemented in Guatemala pharmacies.
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    Innovative financing : potential for FCTC implementation
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-02) South Centre
    Only very slow progress is being made in other Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) interventions, such as alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers, product regulation, education and curbing illicit trade in tobacco products. Under the auspices of “Corporate Social Responsibility” transnational tobacco companies contribute more than four times the budget of the FCTC for development assistance for tobacco control globally. New financial mechanisms for tobacco control are explored.
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    Financial mechanisms and mechanisms of assistance
    (2013)
    Global tobacco control is underfunded compared with other leading causes of death. Cost effective interventions in tobacco control have to take into account impact costs, including alternative livelihoods for tobacco growers and workers, legal costs to defend against tobacco industry interference, and lawsuits against tobacco industry. This report presents a cost benefit analysis and extrapolation on current information regarding funding gaps and resources towards implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) agreement. Pro-poor innovative financing could include a global tax component which could ameliorate the shortfall for low and middle-income countries (LICs).
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    Financial implications of emerging challenges for the implementation of the FCTC - Governance of Tobacco in the 21stCentury, Harvard University, 26-27 February 2013
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-02) Velásquez, Germán
    More than 3,000 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have been signed worldwide granting legal protection to foreign investors. Thus, are tribunals under BITs or the dispute settlement body of World Trade Organization the appropriate fora to solve disputes on tobacco control measures of the World Health Organization – Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation? Is it time to re-think conventions and adopt instead a new kind of international dispute-settlement body for health related issues?
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    Innovative financing for development : opportunities for tobacco control
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-10) South Centre
    Some innovative financing mechanisms are at the proposal stage with many countries participating in the debate. One of the most active groups in this form of discussion is the Leading Group—a group of 64 nations, 18 international organizations, and 20 NGOs—which focuses on setting up innovative development financing mechanisms. The objective of this Analytical Note is to assist developing countries in deliberations on resource mobilization for Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation, and provide an overview of how innovative financing mechanisms are being explored in different sectors, with opportunities for exploring innovative financing mechanisms for tobacco control.
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    Resource mobilization for FCTC implementation
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-10) South Centre
    Insufficiency of financial resources for tobacco control at the country level is one of the most frequently reported constraints mentioned by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) parties, along with tobacco industry interference and weak intersectoral coordination. In line with “polluter pays” principles and the spirit of making tobacco industry accountable as enshrined in Article 19 of the FCTC, along with the advent of new technologies and private sector involvement, new tools and opportunities to collect and disburse funds can evolve. The Conference of States Parties (COP) could create space to discuss further innovative financing for tobacco control.
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    Tratados comerciales y de inversión : obstáculos para las medidas nacionales de salud pública y de control del tabaco
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, Germán
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    Accords commerciaux et d'investissement : des obstacles aux mesures nationales de santé publique et de lutte contre le tabagisme
    (Centre Sud, Genève, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, Germán
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    Trade and investment agreements : barriers to national public health and tobacco control measures
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2012-11) Correa, Carlos; Syam, Nirmalya; Velásquez, Germán
    Recent litigation by Philip Morris points to the need to exercise caution whilst negotiating new Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) to ensure that no substantive provisions run counter to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). In this context, questions also arise whether investment dispute settlement tribunals under BITs or the dispute settlement body of the WTO are the appropriate fora to adjudicate on disputes pertaining to tobacco control measures that are in accordance with the provisions of the WHO FCTC. Disputes relating to Australia and Uruguay raise significant concerns for implementing measures supportive of public health considerations.
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    Financing mechanisms for treaty implementation : draft working document
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013) South Centre
    Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) involves supporting implementation of the treaty at both the country and global level. However, there is a growing funding gap for support of strategies for financing treaty implementation. Organizations like Corporate Accountability International have enumerated some tobacco industry litigation tactics but there is currently no information on the total costs of countering these tactics. Additional strategies could comprise instigating a global fund, as well as calling on developed parties to include support to FCTC implementation as an eligible area of bilateral assistance programmes.
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    Financial resources for implementation of tobacco control measures : potential of innovative financing
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-12) Munoz, Viviana; Sy, Deborah K.; Syam, Nirmalya; Velasquez, German; Yu, Vicente
    Mobilization of financial resources for implementation of the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) is at the core of measures necessary for implementation of the FCTC. This research analyzes funding gaps at domestic and global levels, opportunities for global cooperation, and develops options for innovative financing mechanisms to support FCTC in developing countries while augmenting resources for treaty financing. Ideal financing mechanisms should be tax based, preferably on tobacco, must not substitute official development assistance (ODA), and consider legal issues. Even if only a handful of countries participate, these mechanisms can raise significant amounts with minimal contributions.
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    Expanding fiscal policies for global and national tobacco control : final technical report
    (South Centre, Geneva, CH, 2013-12) Syam, Nirmalya; Velasquez, German
    There is interest in innovative means to charge tobacco companies for the unusual burdens it causes both society and governments. The study points out funding gaps at both country and global levels and the common challenge of insufficiency of data to accurately measure funding needs. Through innovative financing mechanisms like the Global Fund and UNITAID, the international community has already participated in contributing to global public goods to fight infectious diseases. There is a clear opportunity to integrate such experiences in tobacco control. A Solidarity Tax Levy (STL) and Tax on Repatriated Tobacco Profits (TRTP) may qualify as effective mechanisms.
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    Cigarette taxation in Tanzania : final technical report
    (American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, US, 2011-09) Blecher, Evan
    Taxation has proved to be the single most effective tool in reducing tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence. The research aims to reduce tobacco use while increasing government revenue in Tanzania through an appropriate taxation policy; to use research results to convince policy makers to raise cigarette tax; and to create a toolkit for the collection and analysis of data, which can serve as a model for other countries in the region.
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    Factsheet : tobacco taxation in Tanzania; a report
    (Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011) Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum; American Cancer Society; Kagaruki, Lutgard
    This one-pager brochure provides current statistics on tobacco taxation, prices and usage in Tanzania, the impact of an annual 10% real increase in excise taxes over 5 years, and recommendations regarding taxation drawn from the report. There was a decline in aggregate consumption of cigarettes of between 8.4% and 13.1% by 2016. Revenue increase due to excise tax collections, was shown to be between 39.9% and 47.5%.
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    Tobacco taxation in Tanzania : presentation
    (Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011) Kagaruki, Lutgard; Blecher, Evan; Mbelle, Onesmo; Chaussard, Martine
    The results of tobacco taxation in Tanzania are presented as a series of graphs in this presentation, showing the increase in taxation, and the decrease in purchase of products. Imports of cigarettes have also declined. The excise tax on cigarettes is levied as a specific tax favoring domestic production.
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    Tobacco taxation in Tanzania : report
    (Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 2011-03) Kagaruki, Lutgard K.; Blecher, Evan; Mbelle, Onesmo; Chaussard, Martine
    Tanzania is the 15th largest tobacco leaf producer in the world and the 4th largest in Africa. The study considers the structure and levels of excise taxes and trends over time, then links excise taxes to changes in price and consumption. The Tanzania Cigarette Company (TCC) holds a monopoly through a protectionist regime where tobacco excise taxes are relatively higher for imported cigarettes or tobacco, resulting in a lack of price competition. Cigarette excise taxes in Tanzania are some of the lowest on the continent and have remained at a similar level in inflation adjusted terms for a number of years.
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    Economics of shifting from tobacco cultivation, 1997-2000
    (Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research, Karnataka, IN, 2000) Panchamukhi, P.R.; Debi, Sailabala; Annigeri, V.B.; Nayak, Nayanatara