RoKS Competitions / Concours de RSC

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    Introduction to special issue : interactions between public research organisations and industry in Latin America; a study on channels and benefits from the perspective of firms and researchers
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)
    This special issue discusses the relative effectiveness of different channels of interaction between public research organisations (PROs) and industry in driving specific types of benefits for researchers and firms in Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico). The empirical evidence comes from original micro-data collected through similar questionnaires sent to the managers of firms and PRO researchers in each country. The richness of this special issue results from its origin: it emerges as a joint motivation to understand a key aspect of PRO–industry interactions through the relationship between channels and benefits.
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    Channels, benefits and risks of public–private interactions for knowledge transfer: conceptual framework inspired by Latin America
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010) Arza, Valeria
    There are both benefits and risks involved in interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and industry. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that associates firms’ and PROs’ motivations, channels of interaction and benefits. It suggests that each channel triggers predominant types of benefits and claims that policy-making to support PRO–industry (PRO-I) interactions should be selective. Policy design must take into consideration the skill-related characteristics of the actors, and the characteristics of the interaction channels in order to achieve the best possible balance between the benefits and risks of PRO-I interactions. The geographical focus of the discussion is Latin America.
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    Academy-industry links in Brazil: evidence about channels and benefits for firms and researchers
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)
    Knowledge flows between universities, public research institutes and firms may take various channels according to agents’ motivations and expected benefits. Models were estimated to investigate which channels of interaction lead to which benefits for firms, universities and research institutes in Brazil. Bi-directional channels are shown to be particularly relevant, yielding both innovative and productive benefits for the firms and intellectual and economic benefits for the universities. As for interactions between firms and research institutes, bi-directional channels are the most important in terms of intellectual benefits for the researchers and innovative benefits for the firms. These findings seem to confirm the dual role of the universities, versus a more focused one for the research institutes, and raise policy issues. Moreover, a negative correlation between investment in internal research and development and productive benefits for the firms was found, indicating that the expected benefits of public expenditure are not turning into innovation.
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    Interactions between public research organisations and industry in Argentina
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)
    There are various channels for the exchange of knowledge between public research organisations (PROs) and industry (I). This paper discusses the relative effectiveness of different channels in Argentina. We use micro-data from surveys on firms and researchers to confirm that specific channels of PRO-I interactions are predominantly associated with specific types of benefits. While the service channel is effective for driving the benefits for researchers, the traditional channel does so for firms. However, we find that only the bi-directional channel ensures long-term benefits simultaneously for both actors. Moreover, we show that firms’ innovative capabilities and researchers’ knowledge skills interfere in the channels–benefits relationship. Therefore, the promotion of PRO-I interactions should be designed in accordance with the types of benefits being targeted and should take account of the knowledge characteristics of the actors involved in the interaction.
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    Channels of interaction between public research organisations and industry and their benefits: evidence from Mexico
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010) Dutrénit, Gabriela; De Fuentes, Claudia; Torres, Arturo
    The process of knowledge transfer between public research organisations and industry occurs through multiple channels of interaction, however, there are differences in terms of the benefits that the agents perceive. Based on micro-data, this paper explores which channels are the most effective for triggering different benefits perceived by researchers and firms involved in such interactions in Mexico. The results suggest that researchers obtain intellectual benefits from the bi-directional and the traditional channels. Firms obtain benefits related to production activities and innovation strategies from the bidirectional and the services channels, while the traditional channel only provides production-related benefits. These results raise different policy issues. First, fostering the bi-directional channel could contribute to building virtuous circles. Secondly, it is necessary to align the incentives to foster other channels of interaction. Thirdly, a change in the researchers’ incentives is required to induce new benefits from interactions.
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    Quality of interactions between public research organisations and firms: lessons from Costa Rica
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)
    Interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and firms may contribute to innovation and production-related benefits for firms and intellectual and economic benefits for researchers. This paper studies the impact of different channels (traditional, bi-directional, services and commercial) on the benefits received by firms and researchers in Costa Rica. We conclude that the traditional channel may generate benefits related to firms’ short-term production activities and also their long-term innovation activities. However, it is not relevant to explaining the benefits for researchers. Strengthening collaboration networks using the traditional channel seems to be the mechanism to improve the contribution of PROs to innovation in industry. Contrary to expectations, the bi-directional channel is not significant in explaining the intellectual benefits for researchers, but it helps to explain the economic benefits for researchers and also both types of benefits for firms. Thus, it does not explain the quality of interactions from the researcher’s point of view, but it explains it for firms.
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    Channels and benefits of interactions between public research organisations and industry: comparing four Latin American countries
    (Beech Tree Publishing, 2010)
    This paper compares the results of four country studies (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico) on the relative effectiveness of channels of interactions between public research organisations (PROs) and industry in driving specific types of benefits for researchers and firms. All studies used micro-datasets developed by a joint project using common questionnaires. Channels of interactions were classified into four groups (traditional, services, bi-directional and commercial) while benefits were classified into two groups for firms (short-term production and long-term innovation) and for researchers (economic and intellectual). It is found that the bi-directional (knowledge flows in both directions) and the services (knowledge flows mainly from PROs to firms) channels drive intellectual benefits for researchers. Firms tend to value the traditional channel (i.e. graduates, publications, conferences) more than any other channel. However, it is the bi-directional channel that drives the best benefits, especially those related to contributions to innovation activities.
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    University and industry linkages in Brazil : some preliminary and descriptive results
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009)
    The paper examines the patterns of university-industry linkages in Brazil, especially the role played by universities in the creation and diffusion of knowledge among firms. Among the 19,470 research groups in the Census of the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq) directory database (2004) 2,151 groups declared that they had interactions with 3,068 firms. Engineering and the agrarian sciences sectors show the widest university-industry linkages. New research projects and information exchange were the main benefits for research groups’ interactions with firms.
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    University-industry linkages in Thailand : successes, failures, and lessons learned for other developing countries
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009)
    The study aims to identify successes and failures of university-industry linkages (UIL) in Thailand by combining data from company and university surveys. In general, UILs in Thailand are still weak. Determinants of UILs are identified in terms of university, firm level, or policy-related factors, as well as sectoral differences. Thai university-industrial linkages are strongest in the food processing sector. Most UIL projects are limited to consulting and technical service. The fragmentation of innovation systems in developing countries often results in a regional and technological mismatch between knowledge production and needs.
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    University-industry collaboration in the automotive, biotechnology, and electronics firms in Malaysia
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009) Rasiah, Rajah; Govindaraju Vgr, Chandran
    The study identifies important drivers of university-industry collaboration in automotive, biotechnology, and electronics firms in Malaysia. Results indicate that R&D intensity has a significant relationship with university-industry collaboration. The research tends to support the view that only those firms engaged in R&D activities are willing to collaborate with universities. The highest likelihood of collaboration is with medium-sized firms. The positive image created by universities could attract more industrial collaboration.
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    Modes of knowledge transfer from PROs and firm performance : the case of Korea
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009)
    This study examines how different modes of knowledge transfer affect firm performance and how their impacts differ according to sector. Unique characteristics have rendered the knowledge industrialization systems of Korea underdeveloped. The analysis utilizes the Survey on Korean Industry-University/ Public Research Institutions (PRIs) relationships and conceptualizes the modes of knowledge transfer from public research organizations (PROs) to estimate their impact on firm performance.
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    University-industry interactions and innovation in India : patterns, determinants, and effects in select industries
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009) Joseph, K J; Abraham, Vinojx
    Although there are only low levels of university-industry interaction at this point (2009) in India, the study suggests that firms which collaborated with universities and Public Research Institutions (PRIs) achieved a higher level of innovative ability. The article discusses the important channels of innovation transmission as perceived by firms; the status of university-industry interaction and driving factors; industry/firm level characteristics of interaction; and analyzes the innovative outcomes of such interactions. The study is based on two surveys, one involving 460 firms and the other involving 735 professors/scientists employed in universities, technical colleges, and publicly funded research institutes.
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    China's horizontal university-industry linkage : where from and where to
    (Institute of Economic Research (Director Soo-Haeng Kim), Seoul National University, Seoul, KR, 2009) Jong-Hak, Eun
    The paper analyzes distinctive features of the university-industry linkage (UIL) in China compared with the case of the United States, and presents regression models that estimate the underlying causes of the Chinese characteristics. Studies on horizontal UIL in China show that it is still in its infancy. Against this backdrop, this study explores China’s horizontal UIL and gathers empirical evidence on its characteristics. Two separate surveys were administered (2007, 2008) one for Chinese university professors and another for Chinese firms.
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    Nuevas formas de vinculación academia-empresa : la visión de las empresas
    (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2008) Becerra Rodríguez, Noé
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    University industry interactions at three different stages : micro evidence from Mexico (conference theme: University-Industry Technology Exchange Over Coming Blockages in Triple Helix interactions in Developing Countries)
    (University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CA, 2009)
    The study is based on surveys carried out in Mexico that focus on linkages between industrial firms and research organizations (RO); 387 firms and 289 academic researchers responded to questionnaires. The paper analyzes RO-industry interactions during three different stages of the linking process: main determinants for interaction, knowledge flows during the interaction, and main benefits derived from interaction. Results suggest that interactions are sector-specific during the first and second stage of the linking process. The study sample shows industrial sectors that interact more with RO are food and beverage; chemical; and medical instruments sectors.
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    Academy-industry interactions at three different stages of the linking process : micro evidence from the perspective of both agents; Globelics Conference, Dakar, Senegal
    (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)
    Findings of the study show that researcher’s value collaborative R&D, networking and consultancy in terms of knowledge compared with firms’ emphasis on human resources mobility. Academy-industry collaborations are categorized as successful even though these types of linkages are as yet uncommon in Mexico. Differences in the perception of benefits limit interactions and the possibility of initiating virtuous circles in the production and diffusion of knowledge. The Mexican case suggests the existence of two main types of collaboration drivers for firms: to increase firms´ technological capabilities and to complement them. These are largely basic/intermediate capabilities, with weak absorptive capacity of external knowledge.
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    University-industry collaboration : the role of the incentives system; a case study in the Mexican biotechnology sector (conference theme: University-Industry Exchange)
    (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)
    This case study in the biotechnology sector in Mexico considers a biotechnology firm, a university research institute in biotechnology, and the directors for science and technology policy in government. It explores the role of incentives in promoting or hindering university-industry-government collaborations (“the triple helix”). The report focuses on interlinked levels of the incentives system: personal incentives; meso-incentives or those at firm or university level; and macro-incentives that operate at the national level. Findings show that collaborations between biotechnology research and the biotechnology company are driven by individual incentives such as institutional and social recognition, rather than meso or macro incentives.
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    Academy-industry modes of interaction and the influence of innovation policies : the case of Mexico (themes: Third Mission of Universities, National Innovation Systems, Triple Helice, 2009, Glasgow, Escocia)
    (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)
    The aim was to better understand and compare the diverse modes of University - Industry interactions in the context of a developing country (México) by examining structural and policy related factors that might be underlying those interactions. The paper summarizes results of a survey which collected data on various modes of firms/academy interaction; 104 respondents were firms that have benefited from governmental incentives to innovation activities, and 280 that haven’t had access to those types of incentives. Incentives for performing innovation activities seem to have a significant impact in a firm’s innovation behavior.
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    Interactions between universities and firms : searching for paths to support the changing role of universities in the South; report of Mexico
    (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, MX, 2009)
    This document is a country report within the wider project “Interactions between universities and firms: searching for paths to support the changing role of universities in the South.” It identifies the context of current relationships between academy and firms, highlighting the Mexican National Systems of Innovation (NSI), evolution of policies, and academy-industry linkages. A detailed analysis is presented in the Annex. The broader aim of the project is to understand how and why relationships between higher education/research institutions and firms differ across countries at different stages of development, and across sectors.