Browsing by Project "109323"

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    Brazilian higher education and STEM fields
    (2021-05-29) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Schanaider, Fábio; Stussi, Mariana; Getulio Vargas Foundation
    This report provides an overview of STEM (Science, Technology Engineering, Mathematics) in Brazilian higher education, with attention to issues of gender diversity. The study used administrative data and a novel STEM field classification methodology, tailored for Brazil and INEP (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anısio Teixeira) Higher Education Censuses. In the latest census results (2019), women occupied about 30% of STEM seats, while representing over 63% of enrollment outside of STEM fields. The share of women in each STEM group has remained almost constant throughout the last decade.
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    Child penalty in STEM : evidence from Brazilian labor market
    (2023-04-05) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Stussi, Mariana; Perpétuo, Maria Eduarda
    Using administrative data, we study the impact of paid maternity leave on labor market consequences for women working in STEM occupations. In Brazil, since the 1988 Constitution, every woman in the formal labor market has been eligible to receive paid maternity leave - full income replacement for 120 days after the child’s arrival. We conduct an event study in a panel of STEM women to estimate the penalties associated with childbirth. Women’s employment and earnings drop between 25% and 29% twelve months after the arrival of a child. These penalties are smaller compared to the results found for the formal labor market in previous studies. Alternatively, we also find that STEM women face a higher likelihood of working in a non-STEM occupation after childbirth, in spite of being employed: 4% of women switch to non-STEM occupations after the leave.
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    Gender disparities, career choices, and wage dynamics in stem occupations in Brazil
    (2023-03-31) Amorim, Flávia Alfenas
    While science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) are crucial to fostering human capital and innovation, women remain underrepresented in these fields, even though their involvement is essential to a country's productivity. This project was proposed to advance the understanding of gender differences in STEM fields in Brazil. It makes a novel contribution to understanding the causes and consequences of gender gaps by analyzing national longitudinal data on firms and employees in research institutions, government-owned enterprises, and private enterprises. It also fills a gap by providing a better understanding of what STEM is in Brazil.
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    Gender pay gap during life cycle in the STEM labor market
    (2023-04-05) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Stussi, Mariana; Schanaider, Fábio
    This paper documents the dynamics of the gender gap over time and over the life cycle in STEM occupations in Brazil. Using a matched employer-employee data on the Brazilian formal labor market and a novel classification of occupations, we compare the STEM and non-STEM gender gaps in the formal labor market. We establish four results. First, we document that, while the ratio of women to men among workers is stable in the formal labor market as a whole, it increases in STEM. This is consistent with an increase in the intensive margin of labor supply of women in STEM occupations. Second, we find that the likelihood of STEM workers continuing employed in the formal sector in the following years is higher than the likelihood of the typical formal worker. Nevertheless, the likelihood of holding a STEM job is smaller, in particular for women. Third, we estimate that that occupational controls and firms’ characteristics explain each around 35% of the gender pay gap in STEM occupations, more than in the rest of the formal labor market. Fourth, we show that the gender pay gap in STEM is decreasing over generations, a pattern similar to the one found in the rest of the formal labor market.
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    Life-cycle wage premiums and STEM in Brazil
    (2022-07-16) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Stussi, Mariana; Schanaider, Fábio
    This paper estimates the life-cycle wage premiums of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) college graduates and STEM workers occupations in Brazil. Using data from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census, we find there is 12.2% premium associated to majoring in STEM fields. This premium is lower than the premium of traditional fields such as Medicine and Law as well as the premium associated with STEM degrees observed in developed economies such as Canada and the US. We provide evidence that this is not connected to the premium to working in STEM occupations but rather to a poor transition from college to jobs in STEM occupations. Breaking the analysis by gender, we find the premium associated to majoring in STEM fields is similar for women and men. However, women are less likely to survive in STEM throughout the life cycle.
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    Mulheres em STEM : como elas percebem as barreiras que enfrentam?
    (2021-05-29) Getulio Vargas Foundation
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    Mulheres são só 26 por cento em profissões tecnológicas : país segue padrão e tem sub-representação feminina no mercado de trabalho de áreas técnicas
    (2021-09-10) Machado, Cecília; Fernandes, Anaïs; Paulo, De São; Rachter, Laísa; Stussi, Mariana; Schanaider, Fábio
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    STEM classification in the formal labor market in Brazil
    (2021-05-29) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Schanaider, Fábio; Stussi, Mariana; Getulio Vargas Foundation
    The paper describes Brazil and the United States occupational classification systems, and compares them in terms of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (USBLS) STEM definition. To make the USBLS definition of STEM occupations compatible with the Brazilian classification, it was first necessary to make the occupational classification systems from the two countries comparable. The U.S. Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) is designed to reflect the current occupational structure of the country. Similar to the SOC, the Classificacao Brasileira de Ocupacoes (CBO), by the Brazilian Ministry of Labor, defines an occupation as the aggregation of jobs or similar work situations regarding the activities performed.
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    STEM classification of CBO-2002 occupations and Brazillian HEC fields of education
    (2023) GitHub
    We provide .csv tables classifying CBO-2002 occupations (Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações) into STEM and non-STEM occupations, as well as INEP’s HEC's (Higher Education Census) fields of education classification of STEM degrees in Brazil. In addition to the tables, we also provide reports in .pdf format with a guide and full disclosure of the classification processes. In Brazil, there is no official taxonomy of STEM jobs or educational fields. As a result, the few existing analysis of STEM jobs and education in Brazil use their own, generally vague, classifications and are not transparent about the classification criteria. We seek to fill this gap in the STEM taxonomy and literature by providing unprecedented classification of STEM occupations and higher-education degrees in Brazil.
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    Women in the STEM labor market in Brazil
    (2021-04) Machado, Cecilia; Rachter, Laísa; Schanaider, Fábio; Stussi, Mariana
    Understanding how gender is related to participation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) jobs is necessary to design better policies that include the potential of women in an essential sector. This report provides an overview of the STEM Brazilian labor market with a gender perspective using RAIS, an administrative data set from the Ministry of Labor. RAIS covers formal employment in Brazil but excludes the informal sector. The paper describes in detail how the STEM market evolved over time, and presents evidence that events in the informal sector for STEM workers do not differ substantially from the formal sector.