Corporate and Special Collections / Collections générales et spéciales

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    Above and below ground competition for solar radiation and soil moisture in a windbreak soybean system
    (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, US, 1998) Nieto-Cabrera, C.
    The main role of windbreaks in agricultural systems is to improve the microclimate and enhance the growth and yield of the protected crops. However, some competitive windbreak-crop relationships have been recognized. Windbreak-soybean above- and below-ground competition was studied in 1996 and 1997 at Mead, Nebraska (41$\sp\circ$ 29$\sp\prime$ N, 96$\sp\circ$ 30$\sp\prime$ W, and 354 m altitude). The factors in the study were: windbreak orientation (east windbreak, west exposed (EW), south windbreak, north exposed (SW), and west windbreak, east exposed (WW)), root pruning (pruned (P) and not pruned (NP)), and distance from the windbreak (0.75H, 1.5H, 2.25H, and 3.0H in 1996, and 0.5H, 0.75H, 1.5W, and 3.0H in 1997). Windbreaks were two rows of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica L.) combined with eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) or Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold), 12-15 m height (H), and approximately 60% density. The most critical period of windbreak-crop competition for soil moisture occurred during soybean reproductive and grain filling stages. Windbreak-crop competition for soil moisture existed at EW and WW up to 0.75H, but it was negligible at SW. The differences in soybean yield between NP and P plots at 0.75H, were 192-601 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ (12.2-21.7%) at EW, 892-874 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ (32.1-40.8%) at WW, and 137-173 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ (5.4-6.1%) at SW in 1996 and 1997 respectively. Soybean canopy temperature (CT) was higher and soybean leaf water potential $(\Psi)$ was more negative at EW and WW compared with CT and $\Psi$ at SW, at NP compared with CT and $\Psi$ at P plots, and at 0.75H, compared with CT and $\Psi$ at other distances. Competition for solar radiation existed at the three windbreak orientations up to 0.75H, but it was significantly greater at SW when measured up to 0.5H. Incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) integrated over the crop season in 1997 was 45.6 and 85.2% at SW, 73.5 and 86.7% at EW and 62.3 and 82.7% at WW, at 0.5H and 0.75H, respectively, compared with PPFD at an exposed field. Shading effects reduced soybean yield by 2333 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ (68.6%) at SW 0.5H, and by 577 to 1712 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ (17 to 40%) at SW 0.75H, compared with yields at SW 3.0H. Fewer accumulated growing degree days (GDD) were observed at SW up to 0.75H. Correlation between GDD and soybean phenological development existed at SW, but not at EW and WW windbreaks. Soybean phenological development at EW and WW responded more to soil water availability than to GDD accumulation.
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    Forest control, development and state formation in Nepal
    (Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CA, 1999) Shrestha, Neeru
    This thesis analyses processes of state formation and intensification in Nepal, taking community forestry as a point of entry. Both the state and communities are seen as disaggregated entities, separated by a blurred and shifting boundary. The state co-ordinates and multiplies power relations, while communities make claims on state services, co-operate with state projects or sabotage, manipulate and resist state regulations, as diverse interests dictate. State formation and intensification is therefore a two way process. On the one hand, the state attempts to regulate, order or intervene in village resource and population matters through planning, legislation and bureaucratization; on the other hand, communities are compelled into the web of bureaucratic relations, but also, at times, elect to forge closer relations with state agencies for their own ends. Grounded in theories of state-society relationships, especially those proposed by Ferguson, Migdal, Peluso and Vandergeest, the study argues that state formation and intensification occurs through two modes---control over discourse and territorialization---both of which can mask the political nature of state actions. Following Ferguson, the study argues that state intensification does not necessarily result in people and resources being co-ordinated or ordered more effectively. Going beyond Ferguson, it argues that intensification of the terntorialized and bureaucratized state may arise---not through extension of control---but by intensifying the state's presence, most significantly as an abstraction: the benevolent state. State formation and systematization of its regulatory reach reconfigure the division between state and communities. Organized into nine chapters, the study emphasizes that resource control should be seen in the context of the history of relationships between state, land, and people. It discusses decentralization, legislation, planning, the bureaucratization of resource use, the ambivalent role of forest bureaucrats, and presents three village case studies of community forestry. Sources of data include observation, formal and informal interviews with government officials and villagers, and documents, including legal texts. The study shows that state resource control in Nepal has shifted, since the 1950s, from control through people to a territorial mode; the development of an intensified, bureaucratic, territorialized regime of resource control is continuing. Community forestry laws---as with territorialization initiatives elsewhere---have functioned ambiguously in Nepal. However ineffective the forest bureaucracy in implementation, whatever the conflicts or collaborations between politicians and bureaucrats---and the support, resistance and manipulation by villagers, including adoption of gendered strategies by the villagers---the community forestry program has nevertheless become a point of coordination and multiplication of power relations. Communities wishing to maintain a stake in their village forests must place themselves within state bureaucratic channels. Forest villagers and the state, both interested in the natural resource, have no option but to engage with one another through the medium of constantly evolving community forestry policy.
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    Participatory methods in community - based coastal resource management
    (IIRR, Cavite, PH, 1998) International Institute of Rural Reconstruction; IDRC; CIDA